Airborne Dust, Ammonia, Microorganisms, and Antigens in Pig Confinement Houses and the Respiratory Health of Exposed Farm Workers

Crook, B.; Robertson, J.F.; Glass, S.A. Travers; Botheroyd, E.M.; Lacey, Jennifer; Topping, M. D.

doi:10.1202/0002-8894(1991)052<0271:adamaa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 40 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…Until very recently, CAFO aerobiology has been characterized mainly with culture-based techniques that emphasize species that grow best at moderate temperature under oxic conditions (Cormier et al 1990;Crook et al 1991;Chang et al 2001;Predicala et al 2002;Jo and Kang 2005;Kim et al 2008). Our study sidestepped these constraints by use of cultureindependent technology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the most acute infections, the etiological agents of lung disorders in CAFO workers are not well characterized, in part because the current understanding of the aerobiology in these environments is based on traditional culture analyses, which typically isolate only a small fraction of microbes (Amann et al 1995;Pace 1997). Additionally, past studies have been limited to descriptions of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and/or fungi (Cormier et al 1990;Crook et al 1991;Chang et al 2001;Predicala et al 2002;Jo and Kang 2005;Kim et al 2008) isolated from these environments. As a result of these constraints, little is known about the bulk composition of CAFO aerosol microbiology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance endotoxin, a highly toxigenic, bacterial lipopolysaccharide component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, has been associated with reduced lung function in swine farmers (Donham et al 1989b;Vogelzang et al 1998). Correlations between biotic and abiotic exposures and respiratory disease have been the focus of many aerosol studies and have led to the establishment of dust, gas, and endotoxin exposure levels (Crook et al 1991;Seedorf et al 1998;Predicala et al 755 756 M. RODRÍGUEZ DE EVGRAFOV ET AL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) employment is associated with increased incidences of multiple respiratory disorders, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, organic dust toxic syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinitis, hypersensitivity, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide poisoning, and acute lower respiratory tract inflammation (Donham et al 1989a;Crook et al 1991;Schenker et al 1998;Von Essen and Donham 1999;Cole et al 2000;Sprince et al 2000;Danuser et al 2001;Radon et al 2001Radon et al , 2002Monso et al 2003Monso et al , 2004. Chronic airway inflammation possibly is exacerbated by exposure to microbes and their products in bioaerosols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Analysis of Bacterial and Circovirus Bioaerosols in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Evgrafov

Kõll

Frank

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Respiratory illnesses are a significant cause of morbidity for individuals who work within concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); however, most available information about CAFO aerobiology has derived from culture-based studies, which may detect only a small fraction of microbial diversity present. In this study, we characterized the identity, spatial distribution, and abundance of airborne microorganisms present in swine and dairy CAFOs using direct microscopy, broad-range rRNA PCR, and sequence analysis of air samples collected from within and nearby swine and cattle operations in the western United States. We report that indoor airborne bacterial loads were not elevated above those measured immediately outdoors. The microbial assemblage of these indoor environments was considerably more diverse than reported in previous CAFO aerosol studies. Members of bacterial genera associated with animal gut microbiota, including Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., and Lachnospira spp., were most frequently observed. We detected no recognized, acute respiratory pathogens, but identified the common opportunistic pathogen Aerococcus viridans in several samples. Fungal species were not recovered in any of the indoor clone libraries. Specific PCR assay for porcine circovirus demonstrated that this pathogen is prevalent in the atmosphere of swine environments sampled, but was not detected in the bovine dairy facilities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Analysis of Bacterial and Circovirus Bioaerosols in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Evgrafov

Kõll

Frank

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…It is not clear which components in the pig house environment are responsible for the airway reaction. Swine dust contains microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria [5]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin, is present in the walls of Gram-negative bacteria, and inhalation of LPS causes an intense acute airway inflammation [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways

Larsson²,

Palmberg³

et al. 1997

Eur Respir J

146

138

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In healthy subjects, acute inhalation of swine dust causes an influx of inflammatory cells into the airways and increased bronchial responsiveness. The exposure may also cause fever and generalized symptoms. It seems likely that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the response to inhaled swine dust.Nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed before, and 7 and 24 h after the start of 3 h exposure to swine dust, during a period of work in a swine confinement building, in 22 healthy subjects. Lavage fluids were analysed with regard to the cellular response and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Each subject carried personal samplers for exposure measurements. Inhalable dust and airborne endotoxin, 3-hydroxylated (2-OH) fatty acid and muramic acid were measured. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was investigated 1-2 weeks before and 7 h after the start of the exposure.Exposure caused fever (>38°C) in three subjects, and approximately 25% of the subjects experienced symptoms. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine increased by 3.5 (1.6-4.8) doubling doses (median (25th-75th percentile)). Following exposure, granulocytes increased more than 50 fold in BAL fluid and more than 40 fold in nasal lavage fluid. IL-1α and IL-1β increased significantly in BAL fluid (p<0.05) and nasal lavage fluid (p<0.01). IL-6 increased 25 fold in BAL and 15 fold in nasal lavage fluid (p<0.001). TNF-α was below detection limit (0.25 ng·L -1 ) in most subjects before exposure and increased following exposure to 3.8 (2.4-5.7) and 1.3 (0.6-2.3) ng·L -1 in BAL and nasal lavage fluid, respectively, (p<0.001). Total inhalable dust was 20.5 (14.6-30.0) mg·m -3 and the concentrations of airborne endotoxin, 3-OH fatty acid and muramic acid were 1.2 (0.8-1.4), 3.5 (2.2-4.5) and 0.9 (0.3-1.9) µg·m -3 , respectively. There was a significant correlation between the IL-6 response in BAL fluid and exposure to dust endotoxin activity and 3-OH fatty acids (p<0.05). Otherwise, no significant correlations were found between exposure and the cytokine response.We conclude that exposure to swine dust causes an intense upper and lower airway inflammation, which involves the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α.

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Air biocontamination in a variety of agricultural industry environments in Egypt: a pilot study

et al. 2010

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Inhalation of airborne microorganisms and organic dust is an occupational concern among workers in agricultural industries. Airborne microorganisms and particulate matter samples were collected from poultry house, flourmill, textile, and food industry sites by use of liquid impinger and gravimetric samplers. Particulate matter concentrations were recorded at median concentrations of 1.56, 1.92, 4.39, and 0.7 mg/m 3 in the occupied poultry house, textile, flourmill, and food indoor working environments, respectively. The highest median particulate matter concentration (27.9 mg/m 3 ) was detected at the flourmill's stack site. The highest median indoor concentration of culturable airborne bacteria (6.23 9 10 5 CFU/m 3 ) was found at the occupied poultry-house site and the lowest concentration (4.6 9 10 3 CFU/m 3 ) was found at the food industry site. The highest median indoor concentration of culturable airborne fungi (3.15 9 10 4 CFU/m 3 ) was found at the flourmill site whereas the lowest (1.24 9 10 3 CFU/m 3 ) was found at the textile industry site. Bacillus and Staphylococcus were the predominant Gram-positive bacteria whereas Acinetobacter and Klebsiella were the predominant Gramnegative bacteria. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were only detected in the indoor air at the poultry house site. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, and yeast were the predominant fungal types at flourmill, textile, food industry, and poultry house, respectively. Workers were continuously exposed to airborne microorganisms at a median value of 10 4 CFU/m 3 in all the industries studied.

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Airborne Dust, Ammonia, Microorganisms, and Antigens in Pig Confinement Houses and the Respiratory Health of Exposed Farm Workers

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Molecular Analysis of Bacterial and Circovirus Bioaerosols in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Molecular Analysis of Bacterial and Circovirus Bioaerosols in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways

Air biocontamination in a variety of agricultural industry environments in Egypt: a pilot study

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