2002
DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.006941
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Airborne Doppler lidar investigation of the wind-modulated sea-surface angular retroreflectance signature

Abstract: Concurrent measurements of sea-surface retroreflectance and associated wind velocity acquired with an airborne CO2 Doppler lidar are described. These observations provide further insight into thermal infrared optical phenomenology of air-sea interface processes, contribute to a greater understanding of radiation transfer between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, and enable improved models of wind-driven ocean-surface stress applicable to other remote sensing applications. In particular, we present lidar meas… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(9 citation statements)
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“…This specular reflection depends on the instantaneous angle defined by the light source, the water surface, and the camera, and also the relative angle between the direction of wave propagation and the camera [ Stilwell , 1969]. In contrast, the bubbly water surface produced by wave breaking is generally treated as an isotropic (Lambertian) scattering surface for the visible band of light [ Gordon and Jacobs , 1977; Tratt et al , 2002].…”
Section: Some Previous Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This specular reflection depends on the instantaneous angle defined by the light source, the water surface, and the camera, and also the relative angle between the direction of wave propagation and the camera [ Stilwell , 1969]. In contrast, the bubbly water surface produced by wave breaking is generally treated as an isotropic (Lambertian) scattering surface for the visible band of light [ Gordon and Jacobs , 1977; Tratt et al , 2002].…”
Section: Some Previous Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The only varied parameter was the wind speed, which was set to 2, 5, and 10 m∕s, respectively. The results of the wave simulations were obtained for waves over an area of 400 × 400 m 2 , sampled spatially with a 1-m resolution and a time resolution of 1 Hz for duration of 3 s. The reflection model of the sea surface follows that of Tratt et al 21 The sensor height was assumed to be 15 m above sea level, which corresponds to a maximum viewing range to the surface of 14 km. Since the ranges studied were shorter (3 to 8 km) we omitted the effect of the earth's curvature.…”
Section: Modeling Effortsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Specular reflection decreases as wave steepness increases and is extremely large in very calm waters. Hu et al [24], citing Platt [26], Menzies et al [27], and Tratt et al [28], modeled the specular surface reflection as:…”
Section: Specular Surface Reflectionmentioning
confidence: 99%