Airborne aerosol measurements in the quiescent plume of Mount St. Helens: September, 1980

Phelan, Janet M.; Finnegan, David L.; Ballantine, David S.; Zoller, William H.; Hart, Mark A.; Moyers, Jarvis L.

doi:10.1029/gl009i009p01093

Cited by 58 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, there are uncertainties in older measurements of volcanogenic Hg flux estimates that result from scaling of Hg/SO 2 ratios in both high and low-T volcanic emissions to the well-constrained SO 2 fluxes, even though this approach is considered unsuitable for low-T gases (see Pyle and Mather 2003). In summary, despite the efforts made to develop more complete databases on global volcanogenic Hg budgets, a significant number of ambiguities are present in previously published inventories (Varekamp and Buseck 1981;Nriagu and Becker 2003;Phelan et al 1982). In order to extend the currently limited volcanic Hg dataset, we present new measurements of Hg concentrations and fluxes recently (2006)(2007)(2008) measured at 7 volcanoes (Stromboli, Asama, Miyakejima, Soufriere Hills of Montserrat, Ambrym, Yasur, and Nyiragongo; Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

New clues on the contribution of Earth’s volcanism to the global mercury cycle

et al. 2010

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Active volcanoes are thought to be important contributors to the atmospheric mercury (Hg) budget, and this chemical element is one of the most harmful atmospheric pollutants, owing to its high toxicity and long residence time in ecosystems. There is, however, considerable uncertainty over the magnitude of the global volcanic Hg flux, since the existing data on volcanogenic Hg emissions are sparse and often ambiguous. In an attempt to extend the currently limited dataset on volcanogenic Hg emissions, we summarize the results of Hg flux measurements at seven active open-conduit volcanoes; Stromboli, Asama, Miyakejima, Montserrat, Ambrym, Yasur, and Nyiragongo.. Data from the domebuilding Soufriere Hills volcano are also reported. Using our determined mercury to SO 2 mass ratios in tandem with the simultaneously-determined SO 2 emission rates, we estimate that the 7 volcanoes have Hg emission rates ranging from 0.2 to 18 t yr -1 (corresponding to a total Hg flux of~41 t·yr -1 ). Based on our dataset and previous work, we propose that a Hg/SO 2 plume ratio~10 -5 is bestrepresentative of gas emissions from quiescent degassing volcanoes. Using this ratio, we infer a global volcanic Hg flux from persistent degassing of~95 t·yr -1 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

New clues on the contribution of Earth’s volcanism to the global mercury cycle

et al. 2010

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“…St Helens. (Le Guern et al, 1980 b;Casadevall 1983;Varekamp and Busek, 1981;Phelan et al, 1982). Discrimination of magmatic activity from phreatic activity would be possible at the initial stage of an eruption by sampling the plume from the distance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies described the detection of gas or metals such as mercury or zinc in the volcanic plume as a magmatic signature (Varekamp and Busek 1981;Phelan et al, 1982;Overbeck et al, 1982). In these cases elements was studied separately: the present modeling shows the evolu tion of the complete gas system.…”

Section: Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and modeling of the complete volcanic gas phase.

1993

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During the survey on the eruption of the volcano "La Soufriere de la Guadeloupe" (French West Indies), the behaviour of sulfur in volcanic gases was examined. Matsuo (1962) studied chemical equilibrium in volcanic gases which led us to develop the "in situ" gas analysis. A field gas chromatograph allowed direct injection of hot gases, before water and sulfur condensation occurred. A silica tube equipped with thermocouples was used for sublimates sampling and for measuring the con densation temperature. Conventional condensors and caustic soda bottles were used for sampling and later complementary analyses in the laboratory. A free energy minimisation computational method modelled the physical and chemical changes that occurred during cooling of volcanic gases. The high temperature composition of the .gas mixture was recalculated from the concentrations of the gaseous and solid components obtained during sampling. The equilibrium composition was first calculated at the collection temperature for 22 elements. The model then calculated the equilibrium compositions at 50°C intervals using the residual gas composition after condensation at the previous temperature. The depositional sequence observed in the silica tube depend on the temperature and the concentration of elements in the initial mixture. The computational method was applied to gases sampled from Mt. St Helens. The calculated results agree with observed sublimates. A new method for volcano monitoring is proposed which allow to determine the magmatic origin of volcanic gases and their emission tempera ture from remote plume analysis. The model is also applicable to estimate the temperature and the com position of the gases entering hydrothermal systems or participating in ore deposits in the basement of the volcano. The model predicts the behaviour of the main and minor species emitted in the volcanic gases. This approach is not only restricted to the volcanic gas studies but can be applied to studies of high temperature reactive gas reactor to simulate cooling reactions.

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“…Volcanoes are a major source of trace elements to the atmosphere, and aerosols within volcanic plumes may be much enriched in these elements relative to either crustal material or ash deposited in the immediate vicinity of an eruption (Buat-Mènard and Arnold 1978;Phelan et al 1982;Symonds et al 1987). Metals may be transported from the magma as halides, sulphides, oxyhalides or in elemental form, with formation of sulphates in the presence of sulphur dioxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

Allen¹,

Baxter

Ottley

2000

Bulletin of Volcanology

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The Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, erupting since 18 July 1995, intensified its degassing in early 1996 with the continuing growth of the lava dome inside the summit crater. During this period of increased activity, between 11 and 18 March 1996, we measured gases and particles within the visible plume to determine whether at that time it posed a health risk to the population of Plymouth, the capital town, which is 5 km southwest (downwind) and was then still occupied. Gravimetric measurements were made of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 mm (PM 10 ). Measurements were made of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), and particulate sulphate (SO 4 2-), chloride (Cl -), nitrate (NO 3 -), fluoride (F -), methanesulphonate (CH 3 SO 3 -), acetate (CH 3 COO -), formate (HCOO -), ammonium (NH 4 c ), sodium (Na c ) and acidity (H c ). Trace metals having human health implications [chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb)] were also determined. Mean concentrations of HCl, SO 2 and HF obtained in the town of Plymouth were 14.0, 5.9 and 0.8 ppbv, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in the mixed plume on the crater edge were 533, 168 and 22 ppbv. There were no direct emissions of HNO 3 , although nitrate was detected in coarse particles at the source. Higher concentrations of CH 3 COOH and HCOOH were measured close to the crater. Mean TSP and PM 10 were 64 and 15 mg m -3 in Plymouth, and 455 and 47 mg m -3 on the upper volcano slope. Aerosols were highly acidic at the source but rapidly neutralised during transport. Trace metals were enriched in the aerosol relative to crater surface material. The concentrations of the acid gases, sulphur dioxide in particular, and particles were found to be too small to pose a health hazard at the time of these measurements, when relatively modest volcanic activity was occurring.

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Airborne aerosol measurements in the quiescent plume of Mount St. Helens: September, 1980

Cited by 58 publications

References 10 publications

New clues on the contribution of Earth’s volcanism to the global mercury cycle

New clues on the contribution of Earth’s volcanism to the global mercury cycle

Characterization and modeling of the complete volcanic gas phase.

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

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