Air traffic control system effectiveness as a function of the division of responsibility between pilots and ground controllers: A study in human engineering aspects of radar air traffic control.

Visual Search in Complex Displays: Factors Affecting Conflict Detection by Air Traffic Controllers

“…It will be necessary to conduct some of the validation studies in highly realistic, largescale, human-in-the-loop simulations to ensure that details of procedures can be checked under operating conditions. As noted earlier, we were able to identify one early simulation (Kidd & Kinkade, 1958) that revealed improvements in certain measures related to safety. However, such simulations have limitations of their own.…”

“…Research on the feasibility of increased aircraft autonomy has a surprisingly long history; at least one early laboratory study found improvements in some measures of safety and efficiency during a simulated approach in which aircrews shared responsibility for maintaining separation (Kidd & Kinkade, 1958). Currently, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is conducting limited operational tests of more flexible procedures, and permitting pointto-point navigation under specific conditions.…”

A comparison of two methods of training in a complex task by means of task stimulation.

“…The results of prior experiments in this series have led to the conclusion that the number of aircraft under control (rather than, for example, the entry rate parameter per se) is the most valid single determinant of input load (Kidd & Kinkade, 1958). It was possible through the use of special procedures to maintain the number of aircraft under control (target density) at any desired level for any required duration.…”