Air‐Sea exchange of biogenic volatile organic compounds and the impact on aerosol particle size distributions

Kim, Michelle; Novak, Gordon A.; Zoerb, Matthew C.; Yang, Mingxi; Blomquist, Byron; Huebert, B. J.; Cappa, C. D.; Bertram, Timothy H.

doi:10.1002/2017gl072975

Cited by 63 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…HiWinGS meteorological data, sea state, eddy correlation flux measurements, and gas transfer coefficients for CO 2 and DMS will be presented in this section. We show summary plots of supporting measurements as necessary, but for additional detail the reader is directed to other HiWinGS publications: Yang et al () have previously reported measurements and model results for methanol and acetone fluxes, sensible heat flux, and wind stress; Kim et al () present results for air‐sea emissions of biogenic organic compounds and their influence on aerosol size distributions; and Brumer et al () report on the wind and sea state dependencies of whitecap fraction. Additional papers detailing empirical gas transfer parameterizations, 2‐D wave statistics and bubble methods and measurements are in preparation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind Speed and Sea State Dependencies of Air‐Sea Gas Transfer: Results From the High Wind Speed Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS)

et al. 2017

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A variety of physical mechanisms are jointly responsible for facilitating air‐sea gas transfer through turbulent processes at the atmosphere‐ocean interface. The nature and relative importance of these mechanisms evolves with increasing wind speed. Theoretical and modeling approaches are advancing, but the limited quantity of observational data at high wind speeds hinders the assessment of these efforts. The HiWinGS project successfully measured gas transfer coefficients (k660) with coincident wave statistics under conditions with hourly mean wind speeds up to 24 m s−1 and significant wave heights to 8 m. Measurements of k660 for carbon dioxide (CO2) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) show an increasing trend with respect to 10 m neutral wind speed (U10N), following a power law relationship of the form: k660 CO2∼U10N1.68 and k660 dms∼U10N1.33. Among seven high wind speed events, CO2 transfer responded to the intensity of wave breaking, which depended on both wind speed and sea state in a complex manner, with k660 CO2 increasing as the wind sea approaches full development. A similar response is not observed for DMS. These results confirm the importance of breaking waves and bubble injection mechanisms in facilitating CO2 transfer. A modified version of the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment Gas transfer algorithm (COAREG ver. 3.5), incorporating a sea state‐dependent calculation of bubble‐mediated transfer, successfully reproduces the mean trend in observed k660 with wind speed for both gases. Significant suppression of gas transfer by large waves was not observed during HiWinGS, in contrast to results from two prior field programs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind Speed and Sea State Dependencies of Air‐Sea Gas Transfer: Results From the High Wind Speed Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS)

et al. 2017

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“…Both direct and indirect measurements of sub‐100 nm particle composition at mid‐latitudes have demonstrated the role of secondary organic species in the growth of small particles (Bzdek et al, ; Vaattovaara et al, ). Sub‐Arctic observations of air‐sea fluxes in the Labrador Sea show that the fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes are significantly lower than that of DMS in autumn; however, events of high biogenic VOC fluxes can have a significant impact on aerosol size distributions (M. J. Kim et al, ).…”

Section: Regional Arctic Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol

Willis

Leaitch

Abbatt

2018

Reviews of Geophysics

143

154

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The Arctic region is a harbinger of global change and is warming at a rate higher than the global average. While Arctic warming is driven by increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases' in combination with local feedback mechanisms, short‐lived climate forcing agents, such as tropospheric aerosol, are also important drivers of Arctic climate. Arctic aerosol‐climate impacts vary seasonally as a result of the interplay between aerosol and different cloud types, available solar radiation, sea ice, surface albedo, Arctic and lower latitude removal processes, and atmospheric transport patterns. Photochemistry and efficient wet aerosol removal have low impact in winter but become important in spring to summer, dramatically altering aerosol chemical composition, and driving the size distribution from a pronounced accumulation mode toward a dominance of smaller particles. Retreating sea ice, increasing solar insolation and warmer temperatures in summer result in enhanced emissions from Arctic marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and anthropogenic sources, with impacts on the composition of gas and particle phases. Fractional cloud cover reaches a maximum in Arctic summer, in parallel with decreasing sea ice extent and surface albedo. This seasonal variation corresponds to significant changes in the net cloud radiative effect; changes that are affected by aerosol. This review summarizes our current knowledge of processes that control Arctic aerosol properties. We highlight both natural and anthropogenic processes that will be impacted by current and future sea ice loss. Efforts are needed to better constrain aerosol removal rates, characterize aerosol precursors, and constrain the seasonality and magnitude of aerosol‐cloud‐climate impacts.

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“…The EPA O 3 monitor shows a persistent high bias at low O 3 concentrations (< 10 ppbv) relative to the Ox-CIMS. This discrepancy could arise from known interferences from water, mercury, and other species in the 254 nm UV absorbance detection of ozone (Kleindienst et al, 1993).…”

Section: Ozone Field Calibration and Intercomparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous detection of ozone and nitrogen dioxide by oxygen anion chemical ionization mass spectrometry: a fast-time-response sensor suitable for eddy covariance measurements

2020

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We report on the development, characterization, and field deployment of a fast-time-response sensor for measuring ozone (O 3 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations utilizing chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CI-ToFMS) with oxygen anion (O − 2 ) reagent ion chemistry. We demonstrate that the oxygen anion chemical ionization mass spectrometer (Ox-CIMS) is highly sensitive to both O 3 (180 counts s −1 pptv −1 ) and NO 2 (97 counts s −1 pptv −1 ), corresponding to detection limits (3σ , 1 s averages) of 13 and 9.9 pptv, respectively. In both cases, the detection threshold is limited by the magnitude and variability in the background determination. The short-term precision (1 s averages) is better than 0.3 % at 10 ppbv O 3 and 4 % at 10 pptv NO 2 . We demonstrate that the sensitivity of the O 3 measurement to fluctuations in ambient water vapor and carbon dioxide is negligible for typical conditions encountered in the troposphere. The application of the Ox-CIMS to the measurement of O 3 vertical fluxes over the coastal ocean, via eddy covariance (EC), was tested during the summer of 2018 at Scripps Pier, La Jolla, CA. The observed mean ozone deposition velocity (v d (O 3 )) was 0.013 cm s −1 with a campaign ensemble limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0027 cm s −1 at the 95 % confidence level, from each 27 min sampling period LOD. The campaign mean and 1 standard deviation range of O 3 mixing ratios was 41.2 ± 10.1 ppbv. Several fast ozone titration events from local NO emissions were sampled where unit conversion of O 3 to NO 2 was observed, highlighting instrument utility as a total odd-oxygen (O x = O 3 + NO 2 ) sensor. The demonstrated precision, sensitivity, and time resolution of this instrument highlight its potential for direct measurements of O 3 ocean-atmosphere and biosphere-atmosphere exchange from both stationary and mobile sampling platforms.

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Air‐Sea exchange of biogenic volatile organic compounds and the impact on aerosol particle size distributions

Cited by 63 publications

References 79 publications

Wind Speed and Sea State Dependencies of Air‐Sea Gas Transfer: Results From the High Wind Speed Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS)

Wind Speed and Sea State Dependencies of Air‐Sea Gas Transfer: Results From the High Wind Speed Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS)

Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol

Simultaneous detection of ozone and nitrogen dioxide by oxygen anion chemical ionization mass spectrometry: a fast-time-response sensor suitable for eddy covariance measurements

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