Air sac<i>P</i>O2 and oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins

Stockard, T. K.; Heil, Justin W.; Meir, Jessica U.; Sato, Katsufumi; Ponganis, K. V.; Ponganis, Paul J.

doi:10.1242/jeb.01687

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Differences in the exact depth of collapse in dives and chamber studies may be secondary to differences in the inhaled air volume under different conditions [3,4,7], to differences in heart rate and circulation time from the lungs to the location of the electrode in the aorta [16], or to limitations of the response time of the P O 2 electrode [17]. Approximately 75 per cent of the variation in depth of lung collapse in this study could be attributed to maximum depth of the dive, with lung collapse occurring at greater depths in deeper dives (figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen

McDonald

Ponganis

2012

Biol. Lett.

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Lung collapse is considered the primary mechanism that limits nitrogen absorption and decreases the risk of decompression sickness in deep-diving marine mammals. Continuous arterial partial pressure of oxygen ðP O 2 Þ profiles in a free-diving female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) revealed that (i) depth of lung collapse was near 225 m as evidenced by abrupt changes in P O 2 during descent and ascent, (ii) depth of lung collapse was positively related to maximum dive depth, suggesting that the sea lion increased inhaled air volume in deeper dives and (iii) lung collapse at depth preserved a pulmonary oxygen reservoir that supplemented blood oxygen during ascent so that mean end-of-dive arterial P O 2 was 74 + + + + + 17 mmHg (greater than 85% haemoglobin saturation). Such information is critical to the understanding and the modelling of both nitrogen and oxygen transport in diving marine mammals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen

McDonald

Ponganis

2012

Biol. Lett.

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“…The application of suitable animal-borne sensor tags, referred to as bio-logging [1-3] offers the possibility of collecting physical (e.g., position, movement patterns) [4-7] and biological (e.g., body temperature, heart rate) [8,9] data about the tagged animal and/or even its environment [10-12]. The main original aim of bio-logging was to take measurements from undisturbed free-ranging wild animals in order to find out previously unattainable details about their lives [6,10,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Behaviour in Freely Moving Dogs (Canis familiaris) Using Inertial Sensors

et al. 2013

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Monitoring and describing the physical movements and body postures of animals is one of the most fundamental tasks of ethology. The more precise the observations are the more sophisticated the interpretations can be about the biology of a certain individual or species. Animal-borne data loggers have recently contributed much to the collection of motion-data from individuals, however, the problem of translating these measurements to distinct behavioural categories to create an ethogram is not overcome yet. The objective of the present study was to develop a “behaviour tracker”: a system composed of a multiple sensor data-logger device (with a tri-axial accelerometer and a tri-axial gyroscope) and a supervised learning algorithm as means of automated identification of the behaviour of freely moving dogs. We collected parallel sensor measurements and video recordings of each of our subjects (Belgian Malinois, N=12; Labrador Retrievers, N=12) that were guided through a predetermined series of standard activities. Seven behavioural categories (lay, sit, stand, walk, trot, gallop, canter) were pre-defined and each video recording was tagged accordingly. Evaluation of the measurements was performed by support vector machine (SVM) classification. During the analysis we used different combinations of independent measurements for training and validation (belonging to the same or different individuals or using different training data size) to determine the robustness of the application. We reached an overall accuracy of above 90% perfect identification of all the defined seven categories of behaviour when both training and validation data belonged to the same individual, and over 80% perfect recognition rate using a generalized training data set of multiple subjects. Our results indicate that the present method provides a good model for an easily applicable, fast, automatic behaviour classification system that can be trained with arbitrary motion patterns and potentially be applied to a wide range of species and situations.

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“…None of these methods, however, provide a direct and instantaneous measure of metabolic rate. Recently, a direct and continuous method indicative of energy expenditure has been made possible, with measurements of oxygen (O 2 ) depletion via indwelling probes in diving animals [4], [5], [6], [7]. Air-breathing, diving vertebrates ranging from penguins to sperm whales plunge to extraordinary depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, for durations of 20 to 120 minutes, enabling them to exploit unique or difficult to reach ecological niches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Oxygen Depletion Is Independent of Dive Function in a Deep Diving Vertebrate, the Northern Elephant Seal

et al. 2013

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Although energetics is fundamental to animal ecology, traditional methods of determining metabolic rate are neither direct nor instantaneous. Recently, continuous blood oxygen (O2) measurements were used to assess energy expenditure in diving elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), demonstrating that an exceptional hypoxemic tolerance and exquisite management of blood O2 stores underlie the extraordinary diving capability of this consummate diver. As the detailed relationship of energy expenditure and dive behavior remains unknown, we integrated behavior, ecology, and physiology to characterize the costs of different types of dives of elephant seals. Elephant seal dive profiles were analyzed and O2 utilization was classified according to dive type (overall function of dive: transit, foraging, food processing/rest). This is the first account linking behavior at this level with in vivo blood O2 measurements in an animal freely diving at sea, allowing us to assess patterns of O2 utilization and energy expenditure between various behaviors and activities in an animal in the wild. In routine dives of elephant seals, the blood O2 store was significantly depleted to a similar range irrespective of dive function, suggesting that all dive types have equal costs in terms of blood O2 depletion. Here, we present the first physiological evidence that all dive types have similarly high blood O2 demands, supporting an energy balance strategy achieved by devoting one major task to a given dive, thereby separating dive functions into distinct dive types. This strategy may optimize O2 store utilization and recovery, consequently maximizing time underwater and allowing these animals to take full advantage of their underwater resources. This approach may be important to optimizing energy expenditure throughout a dive bout or at-sea foraging trip and is well suited to the lifestyle of an elephant seal, which spends > 90% of its time at sea submerged making diving its most “natural” state.

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Air sacPO2 and oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins

Cited by 50 publications

References 30 publications

Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen

Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen

Identification of Behaviour in Freely Moving Dogs (Canis familiaris) Using Inertial Sensors

Blood Oxygen Depletion Is Independent of Dive Function in a Deep Diving Vertebrate, the Northern Elephant Seal

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