Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation:  UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice

Mazzi, Eric; Dowlatabadi, Hadi

doi:10.1021/es060517w

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This lack of regulatory attention to CO 2 emissions suggests that the nonattainment indicator is not a proxy for an increase in the price of CO 2 emissions and that the spillover effect is properly identified. 15 Identification is supported further by the testable predictions from theory. In particular, Appendix 2 shows that own price effects are non-positive for both factor demands and conditional factor demands and that output effects are non-positive.…”

Section: Estimation Strategymentioning

confidence: 78%

Spillovers from Climate Policy

Holland

2010

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Climate policy spillovers can be either positive or negative since firms change their production processes in response to climate policies, which may either increase or decrease emissions of other pollutants. Understanding these ancillary benefits or costs has important implications for climate policy design, modeling, and benefit-cost analysis. This paper shows how spillovers can be decomposed into output effects (which have ancillary benefits) and substitution effects (which may have ancillary benefits or ancillary costs). The ambiguous net effect highlights the importance of polluters' responses to climate policy. I then test for climate policy spillovers in electricity power generation. The estimates are consistent with ancillary benefits from climate policy arising primarily from reductions in output (primarily at older plants) rather than from changes in emissions rates.

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Section: Estimation Strategymentioning

confidence: 78%

Spillovers from Climate Policy

Holland

2010

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“…In particular, emissions from diesel engines have major environmental disadvantages from the standpoint of urban air quality (Crawford and Smith, 1995). Even under the more demanding new standards for particulate matter established in Europe, there is evidence of negative effects on climate change (Jacobson, 2002) and on urban mortality (Mazzi and Dowlatabadi, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential fuel taxes and their effects on automobile demand

Agostini¹

2011

CEPAL Review

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Fuel taxation policy in Chile has always been to keep taxes on diesel lower than those on gasoline. The proportion of automobiles with diesel engines has grown considerably as a result. Just 20% of diesel engine emissions are equivalent to 80% of gasoline engine emissions, and this affects the level of externalities associated with automobile use, especially in cities such as Santiago where pollution levels are high. This study estimates the effect of the fuel tax differential on automobile demand.The findings indicate diesel automobile demand elasticities of -3.4 and 2.1 with respect to the price of the vehicle and the tax differential. The scale of these effects means there is scope for substantial emissions cuts by way of tax changes to equalize gasoline and diesel tax rates and create a specific tax on diesel automobiles.

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“…Between 2003 and the present day, important changes have occurred within the UK vehicle fleets, driven by UK government policy to promote the use of diesel vehicles through taxing CO 2 emissions, 9 new cleaner vehicles entering the fleet, and, in London from 2001 to 2005, by TfL fitting London buses, representing 80% of the total bus vehiclekilometers, with particle traps. The London atmospheric emissions inventory 10 results show that vehicle NO x emissions are predicted to reduce by 70% between 2003 and 2020, or 4% per annum, and PM 10 exhaust by 88%, or 5% per annum (Table 1), although by including nonexhaust PM 10 sources (tire wear and brake wear), this reduces to 29% over the same period or 2% per annum.…”

Section: Meeting Air Quality Standards In Londonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic management strategies for emissions reduction: recent experience in London

Beevers¹,

Carslaw²,

Dajnak³

et al. 2016

EECT

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Air pollution strategies in London over the last 12 years have centered upon the congestion charging scheme, and at the same time, the fitting of particle traps to London buses, the low emissions zone (LEZ), and the Mayor's Air Quality Strategy (MAQS). The 2003 congestion charging scheme achieved much of the scheme's aims, but the demand to travel and the need for road space eroded the initial benefits. While fitting particle traps on buses was predicted to reduce particulate matter (PM) exhaust emissions, the introduction of phases 1 and 2 of the LEZ and MAQS strategies were both predicted to have modest emission impacts. Reliance on new Eurostandard vehicles to reduce emissions, and as a way of designing LEZs, has been problematic, with oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) emissions from diesel vehicles reducing less than predicted. Consequently, the UK has not met annual NO 2 European Union (EU) limit values, necessitating a time extension application. A mismatch between PM 10 ambient trends and emissions has also been reported, with the long-term performance of PM particle filters remaining an important question. Assessing London's traffic management schemes has relied upon emission inventories and dispersion models, and to date, there has been no confirmation of the effects of the schemes using ambient data, a challenging and important area of research. However, measurements of ambient NO x , NO 2 , ozone, PM species, and roadside vehicle emissions have all contributed to the improvement of road traffic emission inventories in London, and it remains important to undertake ambient monitoring to assess future schemes. Looking forward, the real-world emissions performance of Euro 6/VI vehicles, selective catalytic reduction, and the ultra-low emissions zone in London will play a critical role in meeting EU limit values for ambient NO 2 , and in light of the increasing health evidence of urban air pollution, policy makers should aim to reduce PM concentrations toward health-based World Health Organization guideline values.

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Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation: UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice

Cited by 49 publications

References 22 publications

Spillovers from Climate Policy

Spillovers from Climate Policy

Differential fuel taxes and their effects on automobile demand

Traffic management strategies for emissions reduction: recent experience in London

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