Air Quality at Public Transportation Stations/Stops: Contribution of Light Rail Transit to Reduce Air Pollution

Bikis, Addis; Pandey, Digvijay

doi:10.1007/s41810-021-00119-0

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These advantages include higher power output, higher thermal efficiency, higher torque, better durability, and superior brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). But diesel engine exhaust is known to promote air pollution, climate change/ global warming, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer (Somasundaram et al 2020;Franklin et al 2015;Riddle et al 2007;Bikis and Pandey 2022). Use of renewable fuel coupled with diesel particulate filter (DPF) technology can suppress these issues (Gren et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization from Diesel and Renewable Fuel Engine Exhaust: Particulate Size/Mass Distributions and Optical Properties

et al. 2023

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Combustion of fossil fuel produces emissions and is one of the major environmental problems leading to climate change. Diesel engines are highly efficient but produce particulate emissions. These particulate emissions are considered dangerous to human health because inhaling particulates may cause respiratory and heart disease. Substituting fossil diesel fuel with renewable diesel fuel and using diesel particulate filters is one possibility to meet stringent legislative requirements. With this motivation, the present experimental investigation aimed to evaluate the particle size distribution (PSD), optical properties of particulate matter (PM) emitted, and the outcome of using an after-treatment system comprising of a diesel particle filter (DPF). This investigation aimed to make a comparative analysis of particulate emission upstream and downstream of the DPF with and without ultraviolet (UV) light (405 nm and 781 nm wavelength) turned on/off. Experiments were performed at (a) engine idle with a torque of 6 Nm at 750 rpm, IMEP of 1.35 bar and power of 0.5 kW, (b) engine at part load with a torque of 32 Nm at 1200 rpm, IMEP of 8.5 bar and power of 4.5 kW. Diesel engine was operated on two fuels (a) Diesel and (b) EHR7. Results showed that as and when UV light was turned on, a distinct nucleation mode that dominated the number concentration for both test fuels were observed. Downstream of the filter had relatively higher AAE values which show the contribution to climate change. Present experimental research is important for renewable fuel industries, industrial innovation's future, and the exhaust gas after-treatment system (EATS) community. The results contribute to knowledge for occupational exposure, human health, and the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization from Diesel and Renewable Fuel Engine Exhaust: Particulate Size/Mass Distributions and Optical Properties

et al. 2023

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“…Having reviewed several studies conducted on urban air pollution, it was found that the concentration stages of the fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) were 280 μ g/m 3 in Addis Ababa [ 8 ]. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels were too greater than the recommended limit for public safety.…”

Section: Literature Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urban air pollution causes health problems especially, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. According to research studied by Bikis and Pandey [ 8 ] in Addis Ababa, 40% of urban residents have been affecting health risks by transport-related air pollution. Moreover, there are many causes of urban air pollution, i.e., manufacturing, combustion engines, motor cars, cooking firewood, the construction industry, and dust.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban Air Pollution and Greenness in Relation to Public Health

Bikis

2023

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Background. Air pollution is the result of economic growth and urbanization. Air pollution has been progressively recognized as a serious problem for cities, through widespread effects on health and well-being. There is less concern from stakeholders about greenness and air pollution mitigating factors in an urban area. This research targeted to indicate the spatial dissemination of greenery, air quality levels (PM2.5, PM10, CO2, and AQI), and exposure to air quality-related health risks for the people in the urban area. Method. The data were collected by measuring air quality at transportation stations and manufacturing industries with Air visual pro, then observing and mapping greenness in the city within the administrative boundary by GIS (street greenery, forest, availability of greenness in the manufacturing industry), and lastly questionnaire and interview were employed for air quality-related health issues. Then, the air quality data were analyzed by using USAQI standards and health messages. Both quantitative and qualitative research approach had employed to explore air pollution levels, availability of greenness, and air quality-related health issues. Moreover, Health questionnaires and greenness were correlated with air quality levels by a simple linear regression model. Result. The result indicated that there was unhealthy air quality in the transportation and manufacturing industries. The measured air quality showed in a range of 50.13–96.84 μg/m3 of PM2.5, 645–1764 ppm of CO2, and 137–179 Air quality index (AQI). The highest mean of PM2.5 and air quality concentrations at Addis Ababa transportation stations and manufacturing sites ranged between 63.46 and 104.45 μg/m3 and 179–326, respectively. It was observed with less street greenery and greenness available in residential, commercial areas, and manufacturing industries. The pollution level was beyond the limit of WHO standards. The result has shown a health risk to the public in the city, particularly for drivers, street vendors, and manufacturing industry employees. Among 480 respondents, 57.92% experienced health risks due to air pollution by medical evidence. Conclusion. High health risks due to industries and old motor vehicles in the city need to be reduced by introducing policies and strategies for low-carbon, minimizing traveling distance, encouraging high occupancy vehicles, and promoting a green legacy in the street network and green building.

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“…For the majority of citizens, city buses and minibus taxis are accessible, economical modes of public transport [19]. Congestion, delays, and stress on individuals are caused by the city's poor transport infrastructure, which results in more traffic accidents [22].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Neural Network and Principal Component Analysis Approach to Develop a Real-Time Driving Cycle in an Urban Environment: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to develop the Addis Ababa Driving Cycle (DC) using real-time data from passenger vehicles in Addis Ababa based on a neural network (NN) and principal component analysis (PCA) approach. Addis Ababa has no local DC for automobile emissions tests and standard DCs do not reflect the current scenario. During the DC’s development, the researchers determined the DC duration based on their experience and the literature. A k-means clustering method was also applied to cluster the dimensionally reduced data without identifying the best clustering method. First, a shape-preserving cubic interpolation technique was applied to remove outliers, followed by the Bayes wavelet signal denoising technique to smooth the data. Rules were then set for the extraction of trips and trip indicators before PCA was applied, and the machine learning classification was applied to identify the best clustering method. Finally, after training the NN using Bayesian regularization with a back propagation, the velocity for each route section was predicted and its performance had an overall R-value of 0.99. Compared with target data, the DCs developed by the NN and micro trip methods have a relative difference of 0.056 and 0.111, respectively, and resolve the issue of the DC duration decision in the micro trip method.

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Air Quality at Public Transportation Stations/Stops: Contribution of Light Rail Transit to Reduce Air Pollution

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

Characterization from Diesel and Renewable Fuel Engine Exhaust: Particulate Size/Mass Distributions and Optical Properties

Characterization from Diesel and Renewable Fuel Engine Exhaust: Particulate Size/Mass Distributions and Optical Properties

Urban Air Pollution and Greenness in Relation to Public Health

A Neural Network and Principal Component Analysis Approach to Develop a Real-Time Driving Cycle in an Urban Environment: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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