Air pollution trends over Indian megacities and their local-to-global implications

Gurjar, Bhola R.; Ravindra, Khaiwal; Nagpure, Ajay Singh

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.030

Cited by 298 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Brown carbon aerosol can effectively absorb solar radiation (Alexander et al, 2008;Hecobian et al, 2010;Kirchstetter and Thatcher, 2012;Kirchstetter et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2009;Jo et al, 2016), leading to a reduction in NO 2 photolysis rates and subsequently in surface ozone mixing ratios (Jo et al, 2016). Jo et al (2016) reported that, on an annual average basis, changes in surface ozone mixing ratios related to brown carbon aerosol absorption over south Asia are < 5 %.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yoon and Pozzer, 2014), there has been substantial enhancement over the east and south Asian regions in recent decades (e.g. Akimoto, 2003;Ohara et al, 2007;Logan et al, 2012;Gurjar et al, 2016). The number of premature mortalities per year due to outdoor air pollution is anticipated to double by the year 2050 as compared to the year 2010 in a business-as-usual scenario, predominantly in Asia (Lelieveld et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

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WRF-Chem simulated surface ozone over south Asia during the pre-monsoon: effects of emission inventories and chemical mechanisms

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We evaluate numerical simulations of surface ozone mixing ratios over the south Asian region during the pre-monsoon season, employing three different emission inventories in the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) with the second-generation Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM2) chemical mechanism: the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research -Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (EDGAR-HTAP), the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment phase B (INTEX-B) and the Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study (SEAC4RS). Evaluation of diurnal variability in modelled ozone compared to observational data from 15 monitoring stations across south Asia shows the model ability to reproduce the clean, rural and polluted urban conditions over this region. In contrast to the diurnal average, the modelled ozone mixing ratios during noontime, i.e. hours of intense photochemistry (11:30-16:30 IST -Indian Standard Time -UTC +5:30), are found to differ among the three inventories. This suggests that evaluations of the modelled ozone limited to 24 h average are insufficient to assess uncertainties associated with ozone buildup. HTAP generally shows 10-30 ppbv higher noontime ozone mixing ratios than SEAC4RS and INTEX-B, especially over the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), central India and southern India. The HTAP simulation repeated with the alternative Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART) chemical mechanism showed even more strongly enhanced surface ozone mixing ratios due to vertical mixing of enhanced ozone that has been produced aloft. Our study indicates the need to also evaluate the O 3 precursors across a network of stations and the development of highresolution regional inventories for the anthropogenic emissions over south Asia accounting for year-to-year changes to further reduce uncertainties in modelled ozone over this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

WRF-Chem simulated surface ozone over south Asia during the pre-monsoon: effects of emission inventories and chemical mechanisms

et al. 2017

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“…To (Hammer et al, 2001). Volatilization of particulate to gaseous nitrate that occurs using the filter-pack method (e.g., Noguchi et al, 2009) may bias assessment of the isotopic values of gaseous and particulate nitrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides socioeconomic transformation, urbanization also has environmental consequences, such as air pollution (Bloom et al, 2008;Cumming et al, 2014;Akimoto, 2003;Gurjar et al, 2016;von Glasow et al, 2013). For example, fossil fuel combustion from mobile and stationary sources produces nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ), which mediate atmospheric ozone (O 3 ) and fine-particle production, thus affecting human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triple oxygen isotopes indicate urbanization affects sources of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Atmospheric nitrate deposition resulting from anthropogenic activities negatively affects human and environmental health. Identifying deposited nitrate that is produced locally vs. that originating from long-distance transport would help inform efforts to mitigate such impacts. However, distinguishing the relative transport distances of atmospheric nitrate in urban areas remains a major challenge since it may be produced locally and/or be transported from upwind regions. To address this uncertainty we assessed spatiotemporal variation in monthly weighted-average 17 O and δ 15 N values of wet and dry nitrate deposition during one year at urban and rural sites along the western coast of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, downwind of the East Asian continent. 17 O values of nitrate in wet deposition at the urban site mirrored those of wet and dry deposition at the rural site, ranging between ∼ +23 and +31 ‰ with higher values during winter and lower values in summer, which suggests the greater relative importance of oxidation of NO 2 by O 3 during winter and OH during summer. In contrast, 17 O values of nitrate in dry deposition at the urban site were lower (+19 -+25 ‰) and displayed less distinct seasonal variation. Furthermore, the difference between δ 15 N values of nitrate in wet and dry nitrate deposition was, on average, 3 ‰ greater at the urban than rural site, and 17 O and δ 15 N values were correlated for both forms of deposition at both sites with the exception of dry deposition at the urban site. These results suggest that, relative to nitrate in wet and dry deposition in rural environments and wet deposition in urban environments, nitrate in dry deposition in urban environments forms from relatively greater oxidation of NO by peroxy radicals and/or oxidation of NO 2 by OH. Given greater concentrations of peroxy radicals and OH in cities, these results imply that dry nitrate deposition results from local NO x emissions more so than wet deposition, which is transported longer distances. These results illustrate the value of stable isotope data for distinguishing the transport distances and reaction pathways of atmospheric nitrate pollution.

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“…Epidemiological time series studies of air quality health impacts had been carried out in different cities in the world namely Tehran in Iran (Naddafi et al, 2012); Beijing (Zhang et al, 2007), Taiyuan, Shanxi (Zhang et al, 2010a), Shanghai (Kan and Chen, 2004) and Lanzhou (Tao et al, 2014) in China; ten Canadian cities (Vanos et al, 2013); Bangkok in Thailand (Vichit-Vadakan et al, 2008); Alabama, Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in United States (Smoyer et al, 2000;Caiazzo et al, 2013). Similar studies have also been carried out in different cities of India as: Kolkata (Ghose et al, 2005;Gurjar et al, 2016), Delhi (Alberini et al, 1997;Gurjar et al, 2010;HEI, 2011;Rizwan et al, 2013;Nagpure et al, 2014), Mumbai (Joseph et al, 2003;Maji et al, 2016), Chandigarh (Gupta et al, 2001) and Chennai (Jayanthi and Krishnamoorthy, 2006;HEI, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of City Level Human Health Impact and Corresponding Monetary Cost Burden due to Air Pollution in India Taking Agra as a Model City

Maji

Dikshit

Deshpande³

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Objectives of the present study are to provide quantitative estimations of air pollution health impacts and monetary burden on people living in Agra city, the fourth most populated city in Uttar Pradesh, India. To estimate the direct health impacts of air pollution in Agra city during year 2002 to 2014, 'Risk of Mortality/Morbidity due to Air Pollution' model was used which is adopted from air quality health impact assessment software, developed by world health organization (WHO). Concentrations of NO 2 , SO 2 and PM 10 have been used to assess human health impacts in terms of attributable proportion of the health outcome as-annual number of excess cases of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admission chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hospital admission respiratory disease and hospital admission cardiovascular disease and it was observed that attributable number of cases were 1325, 908, 155, 138, 1230 and 348 respectively in year 2002. However, after thirteen years these figures increased to 1607, 1095, 189, 167, 1568 and 394 respectively. From these results, it was observed that from 2002 to 2014, the attributable number of cases increased almost by 13.43 to 27.52%. As a result, the monetary cost burden due to air pollution related health effects also increased very highly; it was 67.99 million US$ in 2002, which transformed into 254.52 million US$ in 2014. In future, if air quality continues to follow current pollutant concentration trend, the monetary cost burden will reach a level of US$ 570.12 million in year 2020, which is not only a thoughtful matter but also a threatful matter and it signifies the importance of rectification measures for air quality in Agra city.

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Air pollution trends over Indian megacities and their local-to-global implications

Cited by 298 publications

References 101 publications

WRF-Chem simulated surface ozone over south Asia during the pre-monsoon: effects of emission inventories and chemical mechanisms

WRF-Chem simulated surface ozone over south Asia during the pre-monsoon: effects of emission inventories and chemical mechanisms

Triple oxygen isotopes indicate urbanization affects sources of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition

Assessment of City Level Human Health Impact and Corresponding Monetary Cost Burden due to Air Pollution in India Taking Agra as a Model City

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