Air pollution, oxidative damage to DNA, and carcinogenesis

Möller, Peter; Folkmann, Janne Kjærsgaard; Forchhammer, Lykke; Bräuner, Elvira Vaclavik; Danielsen, Pernille Høgh; Risom, Lotte; Loft, Steffen

doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.030

Cited by 220 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In urban areas, however, anthropogenic NMHCs greatly exceed biogenic NMHCs and have been considered as one of the most dominant drivers of air pollution (Srivastava et al, 2005;Gaimoz et al, 2011;Waked et al, 2012). In addition, some anthropogenic NMHCs (e.g., benzene and 1,3-butadiene) have been verified to be toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic (US EPA, 2008;Møller et al, 2008). Due to the negative impact of NMHCs on the atmospheric environment as well as human health, atmospheric NMHC measurements have been conducted worldwide in many urban areas (Shirai et al, 2007;Gaimoz et al, 2011;Waked et al, 2016), and the results revealed that NMHCs made a remarkable contribution to atmospheric O 3 and SOA in most cities and the cancer risk of benzene even exceeded the value of 1.0 × 10 −6 in some cities (Zhou et al, 2011;Du et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The levels, variation characteristics, and sources of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds during wintertime in Beijing, China

Liu

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds (NMHCs) were measured at a sampling site in Beijing city from 15 December 2015 to 14 January 2016 to recognize their pollution levels, variation characteristics, and sources. We quantified 53 NMHCs, and the proportions of alkanes, alkenes, acetylene, and aromatics to the total NMHCs were 49. 8-55.8, 21.5-24.7, 13.5-15.9, and 9.3-10.7 %, respectively. The variation trends in the NMHC concentrations were basically identical and exhibited remarkable fluctuation, which was mainly ascribed to the variation in meteorological conditions, especially wind speed. The diurnal variations in NMHCs on clear days exhibited two peaks during the morning and evening rush hours, whereas the rush hours' peaks diminished or even disappeared on the haze days, implying that the relative contribution of the vehicular emissions to atmospheric NMHCs depended on the pollution status. Two evident peaks of the propane / propene ratios appeared in the early morning before sun rise and at noontime on clear days, whereas only one peak occurred in the afternoon during the haze days, which were attributed to the relatively fast reactions of propene with OH, NO 3 , and O 3 . Based on the chemical kinetic equations, the daytime OH concentrations were calculated to be in the range of 3.47 × 10 5 -1.04 × 10 6 molecules cm −3 on clear days and 6.42×10 5 -2.35×10 6 molecules cm −3 on haze days. The nighttime NO 3 concentrations were calculated to be in the range of 2.82 × 10 9 -4.86 × 10 9 molecules cm −3 on clear days. The correlation coefficients of typical hydrocarbon pairs (benzene / toluene, o-xylene / m,p-xylene, isopentane / n-pentane, etc.) revealed that vehicular emissions and coal combustion were important sources for atmospheric NMHCs in Beijing during the wintertime. Five major emission sources for atmospheric NMHCs in Beijing during the wintertime were further identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), including gasoline-related emissions (gasoline exhaust and evaporation), coal combustion, diesel exhaust, acetylene-related emissions, and consumer and household products. Coal combustion (probably domestic coal combustion) was found to make the greatest contribution (29.6-33.4 %) to atmospheric NMHCs during haze days.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The levels, variation characteristics, and sources of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds during wintertime in Beijing, China

Liu

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…Transport of UFPs to the brain via the olfactory nerve has also been demonstrated (Oberdörster et al, 2004). Furthermore, toxicological studies have also linked PM 2.5 and UFPs to the induction of oxidative DNA damage via systemic oxidative stress (Risom et al, 2005;Bräuner et al, 2007;Møller et al, 2008). Thus, exposure to airborne PM is a serious environmental risk for cardiopulmonary disorders and lung cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variations in Airborne Particulate Matter Levels at an Indoor Bus Terminal and Exposure Implications for Terminal Workers

Chen

Chang

Yan

2012

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study investigates temporal variations in PM levels in Taipei bus terminal and assesses exposure levels for bus terminal workers. Measurement results show that temporal variations in PM levels in the waiting room and on the platform of this indoor bus terminal were strongly associated with bus traffic volume. The PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and ultrafine particle (UFP) levels on the bus platform were 1.9, 2.0, and 1.2 times higher than those inside the waiting room, respectively. Additionally, PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels on the platform were approximately 2.3 and 2.8 times higher than those at an ambient monitoring station, respectively. Measurement results indicate that the major PM source inside this bus terminal is diesel buses and that PM can be trapped in this semi-confined bus terminal to a far greater extent than in typical open-air bus stations. Daily PM exposure levels for station ticket inspectors who check passenger tickets in the waiting room and manage arriving and departing buses on the bus platform are assessed. Daily PM exposure levels for station ticket inspectors during different shifts are calculated based on average PM levels and working time spent in the waiting room and on the platform. Based on observational results, station ticket inspectors spend approximately 80-85% and 15-20% of their working time in the waiting room and on the platform, respectively. Daily PM 10 and PM 2.5 exposure levels for station ticket inspectors were approximately 1.3-1.5 and 1.6-1.8 times higher than those in the outdoor atmosphere, respectively. Additionally, daily UFP exposure levels for station ticket inspectors were approximately 5.6-7.2 times higher than those in the urban background. Measurement results demonstrate that potential health risk induced by PM is high for station ticket inspectors who work for long periods at this indoor bus terminal.

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“…It has been proposed that cancer outcomes are the result of variations in the microenvironment, which is a driving force in the clonal selection of cells with genetic and metabolic alterations resulting in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis [2,3]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and nitric oxide (NO), when present in high concentration and prolonged stimulus have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer as agents that alter cell homeostasis [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Part III. Molecular changes induced by high nitric oxide adaptation in human breast cancer cell line BT-20 (BT-20-HNO): a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism

et al. 2012

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Nutrient deprivation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in breast cancer mitochondrial adaptation. Adaptations to these conditions allow cells to survive in the stressful microenvironment of the tumor bed. This study is directed at defining the consequences of High Nitric Oxide (HNO) exposure to mitochondria in human breast cancer cells. The breast cancer cell line BT-20 (parent) was adapted to HNO as previously reported, resulting in the BT-20-HNO cell line. Both cell lines were analyzed by a variety of methods including MTT, LDH leakage assay, DNA sequencing, and Western blot analysis. The LDH assay and the gene chip data showed that BT-20-HNO was more prone to use the glycolytic pathway than the parent cell line. The BT-20-HNO cells were also more resistant to the apoptotic inducing agent salinomycin, which suggests that p53 may be mutated in these cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing of the p53 gene showed that it was, in fact, mutated at the DNA-binding site (L194F). Western blot analysis showed that p53 was significantly upregulated in these cells. These results suggest that free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), pressure human breast tumor cells to acquire an aggressive phenotype and resistance to apoptosis. These data collectively provide a mechanism by which the dysregulation of ROS in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells can result in DNA damage.Keywords Breast cancer . Nitric oxide . p53 . Reactive oxygen species (ROS) . Glycolysis and apoptosis . Aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms

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Air pollution, oxidative damage to DNA, and carcinogenesis

Cited by 220 publications

References 49 publications

The levels, variation characteristics, and sources of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds during wintertime in Beijing, China

The levels, variation characteristics, and sources of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds during wintertime in Beijing, China

Temporal Variations in Airborne Particulate Matter Levels at an Indoor Bus Terminal and Exposure Implications for Terminal Workers

Part III. Molecular changes induced by high nitric oxide adaptation in human breast cancer cell line BT-20 (BT-20-HNO): a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism

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