Air pollution, food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system

Sun, Feifei; Dai, Yun; Yu, Xiaohua

doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61814-8

Cited by 82 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 234 publications

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“…During the industrialization process, refined foods loose a great amount of components, such as fibers, nutrients, vitamins and other molecules, and consequently present a higher content of simple carbohydrates, salt and fats, adding a higher energetic value to the product (Moubarac, Batal, Louzada, Martinez Steele, & Monteiro, 2017;Rodríguez-Roque et al, 2015). In addition to the direct consequences in the nutritional value of the food product, consumers have also shown a great concern about the environmental impact caused by the abusive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in the contamination of the soil and machinery as consequence of intensive industrialization (Sun, Dai, & Yu, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits: A detailed study of its nutritional, chemical and bioactive properties

Silva

Pereira

Pires

et al. 2019

Food Research International

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There is a growing interest in wild edible species that represent a source of several health-promoting compounds, providing a potential strategy to diversify and enrich the daily diet. The aim of the present work was to characterize the nutritional and chemical composition of Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits. Furthermore, their antimicrobial activity, non-anthocyanin and anthocyanin phenolic profile were also determined. According to the obtained results, R. ulmifolius fruits exhibited a high concentration in carbohydrates and a low fat content, in comparison with the other nutrients and non-nutrients detected in this sample. The colour parameters demonstrated differences in a* and b* parameters after lyophilisation process. Glucose and fructose were the most abundant free sugars detected and quinic acid showed the highest content compared to the other five organic acids identified. The fatty acids profile revealed 25 compounds, being mostly represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids and evidencing linolenic and α-linolenic acid as the most abundant. All tocopherol isoforms were detected, revealing γ-tocopherol with highest amount. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, ellagic acid pentoside, ellagic acid glucuronide and sanguiin H-10 were the main phenolic compounds present, which could be related to the antimicrobial activity (MIC values ranging between 5 and 20 mg/mL) revealed by R. ulmifolius fruits. These results showed that this fruit is a good source of nutrients as also non-nutrient compounds, with human health benefits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits: A detailed study of its nutritional, chemical and bioactive properties

Silva

Pereira

Pires

et al. 2019

Food Research International

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“…Several approaches are discussed to address the problems associated with increasing N inputs, such as dietary change, progress in agricultural engineering and waste reduction [4,5]. For this reason, new approaches are needed to quantify N inputs and transformations in order to track the whereabouts of N in different domains and scales.…”

Section: ------------------------------------------------------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Fixation Rates in Leguminous Plants and Three Different Soil Types by Labeling Experiments with Stable Nitrogen Isotopes

Nowak¹,

Koegler²

2018

Preprint

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient and plays an important role in plant growth and physiology. In addition, N is also the limiting nutrient in most terrestrial ecosystems. The increasing use of N fertilizers increases agricultural production, but also has negative impacts on biodiversity, water quality and increases emissions of greenhouse gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere. N2O is a strong greenhouse gas and the product of microbial transformation processes of N introduced into soil and groundwater (nitrification and denitrification). The production of N2O in soils is highly dependent on oxygen and water content, soil temperature and texture and the available amount of reactive nitrogen (NO3- or NH4+). In agricultural soils, N2O emissions are also influenced by the type of fertilizer used, crops grown, soil pH and NO3- concentration. Refined forms of land management, such as the cultivation of legumes, can reduce the use of fertilizers and thus also the emission of N2O. Legumes can use symbiotic nodule bacteria (rhizobia) to bind atmospheric N2 and make it available to the plant. Non-symbiotic soil microorganisms such as cyanobacteria or other heterotrophic and autotrophic prokaryotes are also able to fix N2. Furthermore, the N2-fixing enzyme nitrogenase, which is specific for most organisms, is not specific for other N2 compounds, especially N2O. To study the N2 and N2O fixation potential of soils and legumes, experiments with isotope-enriched N-gases (100 mol% 15N2 and 15N2O) were performed. Three different soil types (forest, meadow and wetland) as well as legume plants inoculated with rhizobia bacteria (Rhizobium leucaneae) (Leucaena leucocephala) were incubated in microcosms with different mixing ratios of N2 and N2O over a period of one week. The measured 15N enrichment was then used to determine the biological uptake rates. Both in plants and in soils admixtures of up to 40% N2O had no influence on the N2 fixation rate. N2 uptake rates were 1.2 ± 0.4 ug N gdw-1 d- 1in forest and grassland soils and 3.9 ± 1.2 ug N gdw-1 d- 1 in wetland soils. In contrast, the N2 fixation rates of leguminous plants were significantly higher (130 ± 40 ug N gdw-1 d- 1), with the highest accumulation not in root nodules but in the roots. In both plants and soil, the N2O fixation of 0.2 ± 0.1 ug N gdw-1 d- 1 could only be measured from a concentration of 4 vol%. The results indicate that both soils and legumes have a high potential to bind atmospheric nitrogen in the form of both N2 but not N2O. The fate of nitrogen in soil needs to be further investigated. N2 fixation seems to play an important role in wetland soils. Legumes in particular have the potential for NH4+ input and N2O reduction, as most of the solid nitrogen has been transferred to the roots, which can contribute significantly to soil nutrient input.

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“…Rapid growing yield of crops by industrial agriculture associated with intensive application of agrochemicals has succeeded to feed the increasing population worldwide [1]. Intensified use of agrochemicals and fertilizers may have caused environmental pollution [2][3][4], which potentially threats food safety by decreasing availability of arable land and resources such as clean soil, water, and foods free of contaminations [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Rice-Duck Farming Decreases Soil Seed Bank and Weed Density in a Paddy Field

et al. 2019

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Coupled cropping-breeding modes have been highly recommended due to their ecological and sustainable nature. Integrated rice-duck farming is a typical ecological planting system in rice paddy fields and has been widely popularized in Asia where a considerable area of cropland has been planting rice. In this study, two experimental treatments of turbid water or rice-duck treatment were established to compare with the control and a conventional treatment in absence of ducks. The turbid water treatment imitated the muddying effect by duck activities with the trampling and foraging effects excluded, while the rice-duck treatment included all of the mentioned effects by raising ducks in rice paddy field. Results showed that the rice-duck treatment significantly reduced soil seed bank density by more than 40% and the figures under the turbid water treatment were 18.2% and 30.5%, accordingly, in the early and late rice growing seasons. Moreover, the rice-duck treatment significantly altered the vertical distribution of soil seed bank by substantially declining the seed density in the topsoil (0–5 cm). Changes in soil seed bank density considerably contributed to the declines in above-ground weed density because a significant correlation was detected between the soil seed bank density in the early season and the weed density in the late season. Our results of declined soil seed bank and weed density in integrated rice-duck farming imply that this system is highly efficient as a biological pathway for controlling weeds.

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Air pollution, food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system

Cited by 82 publications

References 234 publications

Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits: A detailed study of its nutritional, chemical and bioactive properties

Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits: A detailed study of its nutritional, chemical and bioactive properties

Determination of N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Fixation Rates in Leguminous Plants and Three Different Soil Types by Labeling Experiments with Stable Nitrogen Isotopes

Integrated Rice-Duck Farming Decreases Soil Seed Bank and Weed Density in a Paddy Field

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