Abstract:Background
A small number of studies suggested that air pollution was associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exacerbation, incidence and mortality. However, no studies to date were conducted in regions where air pollution is substantial. We aimed to investigate whether there are associations between acute increases in air pollution and hospitalization of patients with a confirmed primary diagnosis of IPF in Beijing.
Methods
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“…Three studies were conducted each in Spain ( 53 , 54 , 63 ) and South Korea ( 43 , 57 , 64 ). Two studies each came from France ( 47 , 65 ) and mainland China ( 59 , 60 ). The remaining studies were conducted in Italy ( 45 ), Chile ( 51 ), Taiwan ( 52 ), Japan ( 55 ), Greece ( 56 ), the United Kingdom ( 61 ), and Australia ( 66 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the 24 studies incorporated in the analysis, seven studies scrutinized the link between short-term exposure to air pollution and its impact on health outcomes ( 43 , 46 , 49 , 51 , 55 , 59 , 60 ). Fourteen studies delved into the connection between long-term exposure to air pollution and health outcomes ( 44 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 56–58 , 62 , 64–66 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The limitations identified in the remaining six studies involved data sources, accuracy of diagnoses, measurement of exposure, and potential confounding factors. Most studies had limitations of potential underestimation or misclassification of cases due to data sources or diagnostic coding ( 45 , 51 , 54 , 59 ). Additionally, there was a lack of adjustment for individual-level factors ( 45 , 51 , 59 , 60 ), and limited data on certain pollutants ( 54 , 59 ) or occupational history ( 45 , 59 ).…”
IntroductionThere is a growing body of evidence suggesting a causal relationship between interstitial lung disease (ILD) and air pollution, both for the development of the disease, and driving disease progression. We aim to provide a comprehensive literature review of the association between air pollution, and ILD, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).MethodsWe systematically searched from six online database. Two independent authors (DL and CF) selected studies and critically appraised the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Findings are presented through a narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Meta-analyses were performed exclusively when there was a minimum of three studies examining identical pollutant-health outcome pairs, all evaluating equivalent increments in pollutant concentration, using a random effects model.Results24 observational studies conducted in 13 countries or regions were identified. Pollutants under investigation encompassed ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less (PM10) and 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We conducted meta-analyses to assess the estimated Risk Ratios (RRs) for acute exacerbations (AE)-IPF in relation to exposure to every 10 μg/m3 increment in air pollutant concentrations, including O3, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between the increased risk of AE-IPF in PM2.5, yielding RR 1.94 (95% CI 1.30–2.90; p = 0.001). Findings across all the included studies suggest that increased exposure to air pollutants may be linked to a range of health issues in individuals with ILDs.ConclusionA scarcity of available studies on the air pollutants and ILD relationship underscores the imperative for further comprehensive research in this domain. The available data suggest that reducing levels of PM2.5 in the atmosphere could potentially reduce AE frequency and severity in ILD patients.
“…Three studies were conducted each in Spain ( 53 , 54 , 63 ) and South Korea ( 43 , 57 , 64 ). Two studies each came from France ( 47 , 65 ) and mainland China ( 59 , 60 ). The remaining studies were conducted in Italy ( 45 ), Chile ( 51 ), Taiwan ( 52 ), Japan ( 55 ), Greece ( 56 ), the United Kingdom ( 61 ), and Australia ( 66 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the 24 studies incorporated in the analysis, seven studies scrutinized the link between short-term exposure to air pollution and its impact on health outcomes ( 43 , 46 , 49 , 51 , 55 , 59 , 60 ). Fourteen studies delved into the connection between long-term exposure to air pollution and health outcomes ( 44 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 56–58 , 62 , 64–66 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The limitations identified in the remaining six studies involved data sources, accuracy of diagnoses, measurement of exposure, and potential confounding factors. Most studies had limitations of potential underestimation or misclassification of cases due to data sources or diagnostic coding ( 45 , 51 , 54 , 59 ). Additionally, there was a lack of adjustment for individual-level factors ( 45 , 51 , 59 , 60 ), and limited data on certain pollutants ( 54 , 59 ) or occupational history ( 45 , 59 ).…”
IntroductionThere is a growing body of evidence suggesting a causal relationship between interstitial lung disease (ILD) and air pollution, both for the development of the disease, and driving disease progression. We aim to provide a comprehensive literature review of the association between air pollution, and ILD, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).MethodsWe systematically searched from six online database. Two independent authors (DL and CF) selected studies and critically appraised the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Findings are presented through a narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Meta-analyses were performed exclusively when there was a minimum of three studies examining identical pollutant-health outcome pairs, all evaluating equivalent increments in pollutant concentration, using a random effects model.Results24 observational studies conducted in 13 countries or regions were identified. Pollutants under investigation encompassed ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less (PM10) and 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We conducted meta-analyses to assess the estimated Risk Ratios (RRs) for acute exacerbations (AE)-IPF in relation to exposure to every 10 μg/m3 increment in air pollutant concentrations, including O3, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between the increased risk of AE-IPF in PM2.5, yielding RR 1.94 (95% CI 1.30–2.90; p = 0.001). Findings across all the included studies suggest that increased exposure to air pollutants may be linked to a range of health issues in individuals with ILDs.ConclusionA scarcity of available studies on the air pollutants and ILD relationship underscores the imperative for further comprehensive research in this domain. The available data suggest that reducing levels of PM2.5 in the atmosphere could potentially reduce AE frequency and severity in ILD patients.
“…Additionally, pollutants like O 3 and SO 2 , surpassing predefined thresholds on a limited number of days (0.52% for O 3 and 0.37% for SO 2 ), were included for a more accurate evaluation of atmospheric pollutants’ influence on hospitalization rates for acute coronary events. Subsequently, we conducted an analysis for each increment of ≥10 μg/m 3 in environmental pollutants at various time lags (e.g., lags 03, 05, and 07) concerning NSTE-ACS incidents [ 28 , 29 ]. Including a time lag is essential, as it allows for the observation of the impact of pollutant exposure not only on the day of exposure but also over subsequent days.…”
In the context of recent climate change, global warming, industrial growth, and population expansion, air pollution has emerged as a significant environmental and human health risk. This study employed a multivariable Poisson regression analysis to examine the association between short-term exposure to atmospheric pollutants (nitrogen dioxide—NO2, sulfur dioxide -SO2, ozone—O3, and particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm-PM10) and hospital admissions for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Daily data on NSTE-ACS admissions, air pollutants, and meteorological variables were collected from January 2019 to December 2021. Elevated NO2 concentrations were associated with a higher risk of NSTE-ACS hospitalization, notably in spring (OR: 1.426; 95% CI: 1.196–1.701). Hypertensive individuals (OR: 1.101; 95% CI: 1.007–1.204) and those diagnosed with unstable angina (OR: 1.107; 95%CI: 1.010–1.213) exhibited heightened susceptibility to elevated NO2 concentrations. A 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 during spring at lag 07 (OR: 1.013; 95% CI: 1.001–1.025) and O3 in winter at lag 05 (OR: 1.007; 95% CI: 1.001–1.014) was correlated with an elevated daily occurrence of NSTE-ACS admissions. Short-term exposure to various air pollutants posed an increased risk of NSTE-ACS hospitalization, with heightened sensitivity observed in hypertensive patients and those with unstable angina. Addressing emerging environmental risk factors is crucial to mitigate substantial impacts on human health and the environment.
“…It has a poor prognosis, with a median survival of 3–5 years without treatment 1–3. Several studies have demonstrated the harmful effects of air pollution on IPF prognosis, including incidence,4 5 acute exacerbation (AE),6 7 hospitalisation,8 9 changes in lung function10–12 and mortality 13 14. Particulate matter (PM) refers to the mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.…”
BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. While there is evidence suggesting that outdoor air pollution affects the clinical course of IPF, the impact of indoor air pollution on patients with IPF has not been extensively studied. Therefore, this prospective multicentre observational study aims to investigate the association between indoor air pollution and clinical outcomes in patients with IPF.Methods and analysisThis study enrolled 140 patients with IPF from 12 medical institutes in the Seoul and Metropolitan areas of the Republic of Korea. Over the course of 1 year, participants visited the institutes every 3 months, during which their clinical data and blood samples were collected. Additionally, indoor exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) was measured using MicroPEM (RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA) in each participant’s house for 5 days every 3 months. Lung function was assessed using both site spirometry at each institution and portable spirometry at each participant’s house every 3 months. The study will analyse the impact of indoor PM2.5on clinical outcomes, including mortality, acute exacerbation, changes in lung function and health-related quality of life, in the participants. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the influence of indoor air pollution on the prognosis of patients with IPF.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received approval from the institutional review board of all participating institutions, including Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (2021-0072).Trial registration numberKCT0006217.
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