Air pollution and CO2 from daily mobility: Who emits and Why? Evidence from Paris

Tackling car emissions in urban areas: Shift, Avoid, Improve

“…on a representative weekday (there was no survey during the school holidays). The survey is described in detail in Leroutier and Quirion (2022). The sample is representative of the Paris area population in 2008 in terms of household size, type of housing and individual socio-economic and demographic profiles.…”

“…They complete 45,897 car trips taking place within the Paris area in total 3 . We add three variables not readily available in the raw EGT data, as described in Leroutier and Quirion (2022): actual distances travelled, annual household income per consumption unit -which we derive from self-declared income brackets using an interval regression imputation method -, and an indicator variable for whether the household lives within one kilometre of a public transport stop (including subway, regional train and streetcar).…”

“…We use emission factor data by transport mode and by vehicle type for personal vehicles. The data processing steps are summarized in the next section and described in detail in Appendix A.1 and in Leroutier and Quirion (2022).…”

“…For local pollutants, we consider both NOx and PM 2.5 emissions. The steps used to estimate emissions are detailed in Leroutier and Quirion (2022). In short, we first calculate emissions at the journey stage level -a trip can be made of several journey stages, where each stage is characterised by a unique transport mode.…”

“…Increasing the cost of driving could thus merely increase transport expenditure for a "car-dependent group". Assuming no compensation, distributional concerns might be worse if emissions from car use are particularly concentrated, as observed in several European cities (Bel and Rosell, 2017;Leroutier and Quirion, 2022), if low-income individuals are over-represented among "car-dependent" individuals, or if unobserved heterogeneity in the policy costs makes it hard to target compensation (Douenne, 2020). Despite these concerns, there is little evidence examining what precise alternatives current car users have in cities based on their observed travel patterns.…”