Air Pollution and Childhood Respiratory Health: Exposure to Sulfate and Ozone in 10 Canadian Rural Communities

Stern, Bonnie; Raizenne, Mark; Burnett, Richard T.; Jones, Linda E.; Kearney, Jill; Franklin, Claire A.

doi:10.1006/enrs.1994.1049

Cited by 61 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Epidemiological studies have found associations between low ozone levels and: 1) decline in pulmonary functions (Galizia and Kinney, 1999;Folinbee et al, 1988;Kinney et al, 1996;Devlin et al, 1991); 2) increase in hospital admissions for asthma, especially among children (Stern et al, 1994;Galizia and Kinney, 1999); and 3) congestive heart failure among the elderly (Burnett et al, 1997b). Positive associations between short-term 1-hour max ozone levels and mortality, adjusted for the potential confounding effects of other pollutants and weather, have been found in Los Angeles and New York (Kinney and Ozkaynak, 1991;Kinney et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The health effects associated with short-term exposure to ambient ozone are well documented in air pollution studies (Galizia and Kinney, 1999;Devlin et al, 1991;Folinbee et al, 1988;Kinney et al, 1996;Stern et al, 1994;Levy et al, 2001;Kelsall et al, 1997;Moolgavkar, 2000;Thurston and Ito, 2001;Glodberg et al, 2001). Exposure to ozone levels less than 100ppb can irritate the respiratory tract, particularly for sensitive populations, concentrations above 300ppb can cause nose and throat irritation, and levels above 1000ppb (typical levels in very smoggy air) can cause breathing problems and headaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several time series studies in single cities have shown significant positive associations between mortality/morbidity and summer ozone levels (Kinney and Ozkaynak, 1991;Kinney et al, 1996;Burnett et al, 1997aBurnett et al, , 1994Burnett et al, , 1997bMoolgavkar, 2000;Glodberg et al, 2001;Kelsall et al, 1997), few multi-site time series studies have been used to estimate an average short-term effect of ozone on mortality and morbidity by combining information across several locations (Stern et al, 1994;Burnett et al, 1997a,b;Thurston and Ito, 2001). Critics of single-site studies focus on: 1) inconsistencies of findings among studies; 2) arbitrariness in the selection of the cities to be studied; and 3) model choices that might lead to relative rates estimates biased upward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio‐respiratory mortality

2005

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In this paper we develop Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for estimating associations between daily variations in summer ozone levels and daily variations in cardiovascular and respiratory (CVDRESP) mortality counts for 19 large U.S. cities included in the National Morbidity Mortality Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) for the period 1987 -1994.At the first stage, we define a semi-parametric distributed lag Poisson regression model to estimate city-specific relative rates of CVDRESP associated with short-term exposure to summer ozone. At the second stage, we specify a class of distributions for the true cityspecific relative rates to estimate an overall effect by taking into account the variability within and across cities. We perform the calculations with respect to several random effects distributions (normal, t-student, and mixture of normal), thus relaxing the common assumption of a two-stage normal-normal hierarchical model. We assess the sensitivity of the results to: 1) lag structure for ozone exposure; 2) degree of adjustment for long-term trends; 3) inclusion of other pollutants in the model; 4) heat waves; 5) random effects distributions; and 6) prior hyperparameters.On average across cities, we found that a 10ppb increase in summer ozone level for every day in the previous week is associated with 1.25 percent increase in CVDRESP mortality (95% posterior regions: 0.47, 2.03). The relative rate estimates are also positive and statistically significant at lags 0, 1, and 2. We found that associations between summer ozone and CVDRESP mortality are sensitive to the confounding adjustment for P M 10 , but are robust to: 1) the adjustment for long-term trends, other gaseous pollutants (N O 2 , SO 2 , and CO); 2) the distributional assumptions at the second stage of the hierarchical model; and 3) the prior distributions on all unknown parameters.Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models and their application to the NMMAPS data allow us estimation of an acute health effect associated with exposure to ambient air pollution in the last few days on average across several locations. The application of these methods and the systematic assessment of the sensitivity of findings to model assumptions provide important epidemiological evidence for future air quality regulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio‐respiratory mortality

2005

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“…This eliminated the search radius as a parameter in the interpolation (Detels et al, 1987;Schwartz and Zeger, 1990;Stern et al, 1994;Kunzli et al, 1997;Vedal et al, 1998).…”

Section: Interpolation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for the estimation of air quality data

Wong

Yuan

Perlin

2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

305

159

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We recognized that many health outcomes are associated with air pollution, but in this project launched by the US EPA, the intent was to assess the role of exposure to ambient air pollutants as risk factors only for respiratory effects in children. The NHANES-III database is a valuable resource for assessing children's respiratory health and certain risk factors, but lacks monitoring data to estimate subjects' exposures to ambient air pollutants. Since the 1970s, EPA has regularly monitored levels of several ambient air pollutants across the country and these data may be used to estimate NHANES subject's exposure to ambient air pollutants. The first stage of the project eventually evolved into assessing different estimation methods before adopting the estimates to evaluate respiratory health. Specifically, this paper describes an effort using EPA's AIRS monitoring data to estimate ozone and PM10 levels at census block groups. We limited those block groups to counties visited by NHANES-III to make the project more manageable and apply four different interpolation methods to the monitoring data to derive air concentration levels. Then we examine method-specific differences in concentration levels and determine conditions under which different methods produce significantly different concentration values. We find that different interpolation methods do not produce dramatically different estimations in most parts of the US where monitor density was relatively low. However, in areas where monitor density was relatively high (i.e., California), we find substantial differences in exposure estimates across the interpolation methods. Our results offer some insights into terms of using the EPA monitoring data for the chosen spatial interpolation methods.

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“…Cross-sectional comparisons between areas with different patterns of environmental pollution have been used to try to study the health effects of long-term (cumulative) effects of exposures increased levels of air pollution (28,29). Unfortunately, such studies suffer from such problems as temporality (does the measured exposure actually reflect the cumulative exposure that is inferred to have preceded disease onset and caused the disease), unmeasured or imperfectly specified confounders between populations, and, in the case of chronic disease, prevalence bias (i.e., those with the least lethal forms of the disease are most likely to be alive and be induded in a cross-sectional study).…”

Section: Multilevel Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current view of epidemiologic study designs for occupational and environmental lung diseases.

Tager

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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Epidemiologic studies long have played a role in the understanding of the effects of the general environment and various occupational exposures on the occurrence of acute and chronic diseases of the lung. This article is an overview of epidemiologic study designs that have particular relevance to studies of environmental and occupational lung disease. The application of times-series designs in the context of epidemiologic studies is discussed, as such designs have become widely used in studies of health effects ambient air pollution. The article emphasizes recent developments in the application of case-control study designs, many of which have had particular applications in epidemiologic studies related to environmental and occupational lung disease. These case-control designs offer efficient and valid alternatives for studies that in the past might have been conducted as more costly and time-consuming cohort studies.

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Air Pollution and Childhood Respiratory Health: Exposure to Sulfate and Ozone in 10 Canadian Rural Communities

Cited by 61 publications

References 0 publications

Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio‐respiratory mortality

Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio‐respiratory mortality

Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for the estimation of air quality data

Current view of epidemiologic study designs for occupational and environmental lung diseases.

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