Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Majewski, Sebastian; Piotrowski, Wojciech J.

doi:10.3390/jcm10010077

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) results from repeated micro-injuries to alveolar epithelium, caused by the exposure to various noxious stimuli, leading in genetically predisposed individuals to subsequent dysfunction of the alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), aberrant healing, and diffuse parenchymal fibrosis in the final stage of the pathogenic process (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). As consequence patients with IPF develop progressive dyspnea, the gradual decline of lung function, physical activity limitation, impairment of quality of life, and premature death with a median survival of 3 to 5 years (8,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal and Comparative Measures of Serum Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

et al. 2022

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BackgroundAlthough chitin is absent in humans, chitinases are present in healthy subjects and show dysregulated expression in a variety of diseases resulting from abnormal tissue injury and repair responses. It was shown that chitotriosidase (chitinase 1/CHIT1) and structurally-related chitinase 3-like 1 protein (CHI3L1/YKL-40) play important roles in the pathobiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), however little is known about their longitudinal serum levels and relationship to clinical measures in IPF.MethodsThe present study is the first to evaluate serial measurements of serum CHIT1 activity and YKL-40 concentrations in patients with IPF starting antifibrotic treatment and followed up for 24 months. In addition, baseline serum CHIT1 and YKL-40 were compared between patients with IPF and control subjects, and possible CHIT1 and YKL-40 relationships to longitudinal clinical assessments in IPF were explored.ResultsBaseline serum CHIT1 activity and YKL-40 concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with IPF compared to control subjects and showed similar discriminatory ability in distinguishing IPF from controls. No significant differences between the median serum CHIT1 activity and YKL-40 concentration measured over a study follow-up were noted. We found significantly elevated baseline serum CHIT1 activity in the progressors compared with the stables in the first year, while significantly increased baseline serum CHIT1 activity was noted in the stables compared to the progressors in the second year. Additionally, we observed a significant negative correlation between a change in serum YKL-40 concentration and a change in forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted (% pred.) in the stables subgroup, whereas, a change in serum CHIT1 activity correlated negatively with a change in FVC% pred. in the progressors subgroup.ConclusionsThis explorative study findings add further evidence that CHIT1 and YKL-40 are upregulated in patients with IPF, and suggest that longitudinally stable serum CHIT1 activity and YKL-40 concentration levels may potentially be associated with the antifibrotic treatment response. In addition, our findings are supporting the possible role of CHIT1 and YKL-40 as candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in IPF. Further research is needed to validate present study findings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal and Comparative Measures of Serum Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

et al. 2022

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“…The identification of pre-existing small foci of fibrosis in the alveolar septal walls is unexplained but as Soweto is a densely populated urban environment this could be consequent to environmental pollutants including exposure to tobacco smoke or previous episodes of unknown lung disease resulting in early interstitial lung disease [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characteristics and histopathology of COVID-19 related deaths in South African adults

et al. 2022

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Comparisons of histopathological features and microbiological findings between decedents with respiratory symptoms due to SARS-CoV-2 infection or other causes, in settings with high prevalence of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections have not been reported. Deaths associated with a positive ante-mortem SARS-CoV-2 PCR test and/or respiratory disease symptoms at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Soweto, South Africa from 15th April to 2nd November 2020, during the first wave of the South African COVID-19 epidemic, were investigated. Deceased adult patients had post-mortem minimally-invasive tissue sampling (MITS) performed to investigate for SARS-CoV-2 infection and molecular detection of putative pathogens on blood and lung samples, and histopathology examination of lung, liver and heart tissue. During the study period MITS were done in patients displaying symptoms of respiratory disease including 75 COVID-19-related deaths (COVID+) and 42 non-COVID-19-related deaths (COVID-). The prevalence of HIV-infection was lower in COVID+ (27%) than in the COVID- (64%), MTB detection was also less common among COVID+ (3% vs 13%). Lung histopathology findings showed differences between COVID+ and COVID- in the severity of the morphological appearance of Type-II pneumocytes, alveolar injury and repair initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the liver necrotising granulomatous inflammation was more common among COVID+. No differences were found in heart analyses. The prevalence of bacterial co-infections was higher in COVID+. Most indicators of respiratory distress syndrome were undifferentiated between COVID+ and COVID- except for Type-II pneumocytes. HIV or MTB infection does not appear in these data to have a meaningful correspondence with COVID-related deaths.

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“…The majority of research investigating the combined effects focuses on the pulmonary system, as the lung is usually the first organ to interact with PM after inhalation. Lung fibrosis is known to be both caused and worsened by ambient PM [ 113 , 114 ]. A study on bleomycin induced lung fibrosis demonstrated that aerobic exercise reduced the severity of inflammation and fibrosis in this model [ 115 ].…”

Section: Evidence On the (Cardiovascular) Health Effects Of Physical Activity And Air Pollution From Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity in Polluted Air—Net Benefit or Harm to Cardiovascular Health? A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2021

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Both exposure to higher levels of polluted air and physical inactivity are crucial risk factors for the development and progression of major noncommunicable diseases and, in particular, of cardiovascular disease. In this context, the World Health Organization estimated 4.2 and 3.2 million global deaths per year in response to ambient air pollution and insufficient physical activity, respectively. While regular physical activity is well known to improve general health, it may also increase the uptake and deposit of air pollutants in the lungs/airways and circulation, due to increased breathing frequency and minute ventilation, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, determining the tradeoff between the health benefits of physical activity and the potential harmful effects of increased exposure to air pollution during physical activity has important public health consequences. In the present comprehensive review, we analyzed evidence from human and animal studies on the combined effects of physical activity and air pollution on cardiovascular and other health outcomes. We further report on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying air pollution exposure, as well as the protective effects of physical activity with a focus on oxidative stress and inflammation. Lastly, we provide mitigation strategies and practical recommendations for physical activity in areas with polluted air.

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Air Pollution—An Overlooked Risk Factor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Cited by 25 publications

References 78 publications

Longitudinal and Comparative Measures of Serum Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Longitudinal and Comparative Measures of Serum Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Clinical characteristics and histopathology of COVID-19 related deaths in South African adults

Physical Activity in Polluted Air—Net Benefit or Harm to Cardiovascular Health? A Comprehensive Review

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