Air oxidation of Zircaloy-4, M5® and ZIRLO™ cladding alloys at high temperatures

Steinbrück, M.; Böttcher, Michael E.

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.04.012

Cited by 118 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the XPS results revealed an opposite results, and the ratio of ZrO 2 was only 9.42% for ZIRLO-700-10, which was 28.6-32.7% in Zicaloy-700-5 [11]. This result was further studied by analyzing the XPS signals of nitrogen, because it was reported that oxidizing the ZIRLO hulls under an air atmosphere could produce a ZrN phase [16,17]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Analysis Study on ZIRLO Cladding Hulls Oxidized at Low Temperatures

Jeon

Choi²,

Lee³

et al. 2014

Journal of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Surface oxidation behavior of ZIRLO (ZIRconium Low Oxidation) hulls was investigated using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. The effects of oxidation time (10-336 h at 500℃) and temperature (400-700℃ for 10 h) were studied. Deconvolution results of the hulls oxidized at 500℃ revealed that a ZrO 2 phase appeared after 24 h (11.86%), and an increase in the ZrO 2 ratio was observed when the hulls were oxidized for 336 h (17.93%). On the other hand, the ZrO phase which employed 5.68% in the 10 h oxidized sample disappeared when the oxidation time increased to 24 h. The XPS results also showed that an increase in the oxidation temperature resulted in an increase in the ratio of ZrO, which increased from 0 to 5.68, 8.31, and 9.16% when the oxidation temperature increased from 400 to 500, 600, and 700℃, respectively. ZrO 2 phase was observed only in the sample that was oxidized at 700℃. The mechanism of ZrO formation was not conclusive, but it was suggested that a formation of hydroxide might have been accelerated at elevated temperatures leading to a formation of a Zr(OH) 4 phase. The relationship between the surface oxidation status of the hulls oxidized at 500℃ and their chlorination reaction feasibility was discussed, and it was suggested that the thickness of the oxide layer is an important parameter that determines the chlorination reaction feasibility.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Analysis Study on ZIRLO Cladding Hulls Oxidized at Low Temperatures

Jeon

Choi²,

Lee³

et al. 2014

Journal of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The oxidation in air is strongly influenced by the breakaway effect, as the nitrogen diffusion through cracks to the metal-oxide interface results in nitride formation [1,13]. The oxide layer may be then be degraded by local inclusions of zirconium nitride.…”

Section: Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxygen can be then considered as an active species and nitrogen as a catalyst that promotes breakaway [14]. Formation of the zirconium nitride phase in the oxide near the metal-oxide boundary increased up to 1473/1573K [1]. A mixed ZrO 2 /ZrN zone in the samples was seen at 973 and 1073K for Zircaloy-4, resulting in very porous and thick oxide scales.…”

Section: Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nuclear accidents such as loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and reactivity initiated accidents (RIA) may result in degradation of fuel claddings associated with hydrogen appearance, entry into the metal and its degradation. The excessive oxidation at high temperatures can cause the breakaway of the oxide layer can and formation of the easy hydrogen diffusion channels [1,2]. Both phenomena are related to each other by the manner not fully recognized by now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…They are applied as fuel cladding tubes and other structural elements in light water reactors [1]. The zirconium alloys used in nuclear industry include Zr-Sn and Zr-Nb alloys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hydrogen degradation of pre-oxidized zirconium alloys

Szoka

Gajowiec

Zieliński

et al. 2017

Advances in Materials Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The presence of the oxide layers on Zr alloys may retard or enhance the hydrogen entry and material degradation, depending on the layer features. This research has been aimed to determine the effects of preoxidation of the Zircaloy-2 alloy at a different temperature on hydrogen degradation. The specimens were oxidised in laboratory air at 350ºC, 700ºC, and 900ºC. After, some samples were tensed at 10-5 strain rate and simultaneously charged with hydrogen under constant direct voltage in 1 N sulfuric acid at room temperature. Other specimens were charged without any tension, then annealed at 400ºC for 4 h and finally tensed at above strain rate. The SEM examinations were performed on the cross-sections and fracture faces of specimens. The obtained results demonstrate the effects of the oxide layer on the cathodic current and hydrogen entry, mechanical properties and the appearance of hydrides and fracture behaviour.

show abstract

Qualitative analysis of Zircaloy‐4 cladding air degradation in O₂–N₂ mixtures at high temperature

Lasserre

Peres

Pijolat

et al. 2013

Materials & Corrosion

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article is devoted to the qualitative analysis of the Zircaloy‐4 degradation mechanism at 850 °C in oxygen/nitrogen partial pressure atmospheres. Thermogravimetry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, are used to provide some information regarding the oxidation kinetics and the various phases involved along the process. The kinetic curves reveal two stages: a pre‐transition and a post‐transition one. Oxide growth during the pre‐transition stage is controlled by oxygen vacancy diffusion in the oxide layer, since neither oxygen nor nitrogen partial pressure influences the kinetics. In the post‐transition stage, nitrogen has an accelerating effect in the corrosion reaction. The kinetic curves reveal two distinct behaviors after the transition according to the oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures: in the first case the corrosion rate rises substantially and leads to a rapid degradation of the metal at high oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures, in the second case the corrosion rate rises dramatically and reaches a plateau at low oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures. This paper describes the influence of both gases on the corrosion kinetics in relation with morphological observations, analyses the discrepancies found between high and low oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures; it also exhibits the complexity of the solid state transformations due to three distinct reactions that appear to take place during the corrosion process.

show abstract

Air oxidation of Zircaloy-4, M5® and ZIRLO™ cladding alloys at high temperatures

Cited by 118 publications

References 11 publications

Surface Analysis Study on ZIRLO Cladding Hulls Oxidized at Low Temperatures

Surface Analysis Study on ZIRLO Cladding Hulls Oxidized at Low Temperatures

Hydrogen degradation of pre-oxidized zirconium alloys

Qualitative analysis of Zircaloy‐4 cladding air degradation in O₂–N₂ mixtures at high temperature

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Air oxidation of Zircaloy-4, M5® and ZIRLO™ cladding alloys at high temperatures

Cited by 118 publications

References 11 publications

Surface Analysis Study on ZIRLO Cladding Hulls Oxidized at Low Temperatures

Surface Analysis Study on ZIRLO Cladding Hulls Oxidized at Low Temperatures

Hydrogen degradation of pre-oxidized zirconium alloys

Qualitative analysis of Zircaloy‐4 cladding air degradation in O2–N2 mixtures at high temperature

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Qualitative analysis of Zircaloy‐4 cladding air degradation in O₂–N₂ mixtures at high temperature