Air lime mortars: What else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review

Veiga, Rosário

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.080

Cited by 115 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Lime-based materials are important historic building materials that have contributed significantly to the development of human culture and civilization [1,2]. They have been used to construct historic buildings and infrastructure for over 10,000 years [3].…”

Section: Importance Of Lime-based Materials In the Preservation Of Komentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To correctly preserve architectural heritage, it is imperative to realize the building conservation philosophy and fully understand the characteristics of the raw materials [31]. Lime-based materials, whether hydraulic or non-hydraulic, have been consistently studied over the last 40 years, mainly focusing on the characteristics of their chemical reactions in hardening as well as their various engineering properties [2]. However, the chemical composition and reactivity of quicklime and hydrated lime manufactured using limestone of various colors are insufficiently understood.…”

Section: Suitability Of Natural Hydraulic Lime As a Repair Materials Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

et al. 2019

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In addition to non-hydraulic lime, natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is a material widely used to repair and restore historic buildings. In Korea, although lime mortars have been used as important building materials for thousands of years, the sharing of information and technology with other countries has been relatively inactive. While not recognizing the suitability of NHL as a repair material, undesirable materials such as Portland cement have often been selected due to their high strength, ease of use, and hydraulicity, but unfortunately, this has resulted in the irreversible damage of existing elements, especially in historic masonry structures. This study aims to emphasize the need for hydraulic lime for the sustainable preservation of Korea’s architectural heritage. To justify its use, historical and scientific investigations were conducted. By reviewing literature written in the 15th century, it was found that dark limestone was used to manufacture building lime. Based on this, the chemical compositions of different-colored limestone were experimentally analyzed, and significant evidence was found that dicalcium silicate was formed in the quicklime manufactured by calcining blue-green and green-black limestone. Prior to the 19th century, it would have been impossible to record the chemical compositions of various types of limestone, except for visual observations such as color differences. Fortunately, this important information was recorded in royal documents and has been handed down to the present day. Thus, knowledge from 500 years ago could be scientifically interpreted using the latest technology. The link between the historical record and the experimental results shown in this study can contribute to the selection of a suitable material. This is a method for the preventive preservation of historic masonry structures, as it can significantly lower the possibility of future damages caused by efflorescence and freeze–thaw.

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Section: Importance Of Lime-based Materials In the Preservation Of Komentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Suitability Of Natural Hydraulic Lime As a Repair Materials Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

et al. 2019

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“…The aggregates also have a relevant role in the performance of the material, its dimension, shape, and distribution in the binder matrix being important. In addition, in the case of air lime mortars, the environmental conditions of temperature, humidity, and the methods of preparation and application can be decisive for the process of carbonation of the mortar [5,10]. The use of both aerial and hydraulic lime mortars was widely disseminated in the Middle Ages, falling into disuse during the nineteenth century, after the development of Portland cement [5,9].…”

Section: Lime Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mortars can be used for different functions in a construction, such as a binding element of stone blocks, for filling the gap zones, or as a coating [5,6]. When used as a binding element between stone blocks, the physical and chemical integrity of this material is fundamental for maintaining the structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Case Study of the Medieval Town Walls of Gubbio in Italy: First Results on the Characterization of Mortars and Binders

et al. 2018

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Good conservation and restoration practices of cultural heritage assets rely on the knowledge of original materials. In the framework of the HERACLES Project (HERACLES-HEritage Resilience Against CLimate Events on Site, H2020 Grant Agreement 700395), dealing with the effects of climatic actions and natural hazards on built heritage, a set of important heritage sites are currently under study to improve their resilience against climate events. Among these are the medieval Gubbio Town Walls in Italy. The present work focuses on the mortars and binders of this monument and collected samples related to different parts of the Walls, corresponding to various historical periods of construction and interventions. They were characterized to determine their minerochemical composition, thermal behavior, and morphology. For that purpose, ex-situ laboratory techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), optical microscopy (OM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry (TG-DTA) were used to discern trends in different sampling areas due to construction/reconstruction periods and building techniques.

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“…As argamassas podem ser utilizadas no assentamento de blocos em alvenarias, no tratamento de juntas e em rebocos interiores e exteriores. Têm de possuir características que sejam compatíveis com as dos materiais sobre os quais vão ser aplicadas, com as solicitações a que vão estar sujeitas e com os requisitos que são função do tipo de aplicação (VEIGA, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Argamassas de cal e terra: características e possibilidades de aplicação

Faria

2018

Ambient. constr.

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Resumo Admite-se como hipótese que as argamassas mistas de cal e terra tenham resultado da prática profissional quando as condições económicas possibilitaram a adição de cais às argamassas vernáculas só de terra, que são susceptíveis à ação da água. Em estudos anteriores verificou-se que a adição de baixos teores de cal aérea a argamassas de terra de cor escura, embora tornem as argamassas resistentes à água, conduzem a alterações da sua cor para tom mais claro e redução de resistências mecânicas. Neste estudo avalia-se o efeito que substituições de cal aérea por uma terra local caulinítica apresentam em argamassas de cal ao traço volumétrico 1:2, correspondendo a argamassas com traço em massa de 1:8, com substituições de 10% a 50%. As argamassas têm, pela sua formulação, menor energia incorporada e demonstram ser adequadas para aplicação em rebocos de edifícios antigos e mesmo em construção nova com características compatíveis. Os resultados da caracterização mecânica, física e por ataque de sulfatos foram positivos para uma substituição de 10%, variando percentualmente entre propriedades, mas muito há ainda a investigar para um conhecimento aprofundado deste tipo de argamassas mistas de cal e terra, muito utilizadas no passado, com vista à otimização de formulações que possam vir a ser aplicadas correntemente.

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Air lime mortars: What else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review

Cited by 115 publications

References 58 publications

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

The Case Study of the Medieval Town Walls of Gubbio in Italy: First Results on the Characterization of Mortars and Binders

Argamassas de cal e terra: características e possibilidades de aplicação

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