Air change rates of motor vehicles and in-vehicle pollutant concentrations from secondhand smoke

Ott, Wayne R.; Klepeis, Neil E.; Switzer, Paul

doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500601

Cited by 159 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Moreover, we deliberately sought to measure TSP at both extremes -either with no ventilation at all or with the fullest possible ventilation (all four windows open all the way while driving) -and in three realistic intermediate ventilation conditions that we suspected virtually all smoking drivers would use. These fi ndings add to those of recent studies indicating that TSP in cars is a serious health threat requiring immediate attention and action and are consistent with fi ndings by Rees and Connolly (2006) and Ott et al (2008) . This study also supports fi ndings that strategies to reduce TSP via ventilation/airfl ow are not successful in reducing TSP suffi ciently ( Ott et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…These fi ndings add to those of recent studies indicating that TSP in cars is a serious health threat requiring immediate attention and action and are consistent with fi ndings by Rees and Connolly (2006) and Ott et al (2008) . This study also supports fi ndings that strategies to reduce TSP via ventilation/airfl ow are not successful in reducing TSP suffi ciently ( Ott et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…First, data on the outside temperature, wind speed, and speed of the vehicles during each condition were not collected. These factors have been identifi ed as having an impact on the air exchange rates inside the vehicle, which can affect the peak and washout rates ( Ott et al, 2008 ). Given the consistency of the fi ndings (specifi cally, the enormous differences across the fi ve conditions) across all the cars (which were tested across the varying conditions of time of day, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the like), these environmental parameters are unlikely to explain the separation in conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean levels of PM 2.5 were highest with active smoking and closed windows (272 m g/m 3 ) and were lowest when there was no smoking and open windows. Ott, Klepeis, and Switzer (2008) studied four vehicles under various moving and stationary conditions. They found that increasing speed, opening windows, and adding ventilation through fans or air conditioning could affect the levels of PM 2.5 in each vehicle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

Sendzik¹,

Fong²,

Travers³

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

103

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Introduction: Tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) has been identifi ed as a serious public health threat. Although the number of jurisdictions that prohibit smoking in public places has increased rapidly, just a few successful attempts have been made to pass similar laws prohibiting smoking in cars, where the cabin space may contribute to concentrated exposure. In particular, TSP constitutes a potentially serious health hazard to children because of prolonged exposure and their small size. Methods:The present study investigated the levels of TSP in 18 cars via the measurement of fi ne respirable particles (<2.5 microns in diameter or PM 2.5 ) under a variety of in vivo conditions. Car owners smoked a single cigarette in their cars in each of fi ve controlled air-sampling conditions. Each condition varied on movement of the car, presence of air conditioning, open windows, and combinations of these airfl ow infl uences. Results:Smoking just a single cigarette in a car generated extremely high average levels of PM 2.5 : more than 3,800 m g/m 3 in the condition with the least airfl ow (motionless car, windows closed). In moderate ventilation conditions (air conditioning or having the smoking driver hold the cigarette next to a half-open window), the average levels of PM 2.5 were reduced but still at signifi cantly high levels (air conditioning = 844 m g/m 3 ; holding cigarette next to a half-open window = 223 m g/m 3 ).Discussion: This study demonstrates that TSP in cars reaches unhealthy levels, even under realistic ventilation conditions, lending support to efforts occurring across a growing number of jurisdictions to educate people and prohibit smoking in cars in the presence of children. IntroductionTobacco smoke pollution (TSP; also known as environmental tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, and passive smoke) is a complex mixture of contaminants released by the burning and exhalation of tobacco products in the form of various gases and particulate matter. TSP is responsible for the preventable morbidity and mortality of hundreds of thousands of nonsmokers worldwide ( ( Glantz & Parmley, 1995 ;Law, Morris, & Wald, 1997 ;Taylor, Johnson, & Kazemi, 1992 ). Recently, a review of the epidemiological evidence concluded that TSP was associated with a signifi cant increase in breast cancer among premenopausal women ( California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, 2005 ).Of great concern is the health hazard that TSP exposure poses to children who are still developing physically and biologically. Compared with adults, children breathe more rapidly, absorb more pollutants because of their small size, have less developed immune systems, and are more vulnerable to cellular mutations ( Bearer, 2005 ), making them more susceptible to the effects of TSP exposure. TSP is associated with a greater likelihood of asthma, triggering an asthma attack, and chronic lung diseases ( USDHHS, 1986 ), and it has been recognized as a cause of sudden infant death syndrome ( Anderson, & Cook, 1997 ; USDHHS, 1986 ). It has b...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

Sendzik¹,

Fong²,

Travers³

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For the California car, the driver's window was fully open, and the passenger window was opened by 8 cm (3 inches). Air exchange rates were measured for this car under different conditions of speed and fan and window settings (Ott et al, 2008).…”

Section: Exposures While Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposure to ultrafine particles

Wallace¹,

Ott

2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

Self Cite

220

153

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Personal exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) can occur while people are cooking, driving, smoking, operating small appliances such as hair dryers, or eating out in restaurants. These exposures can often be higher than outdoor concentrations. For 3 years, portable monitors were employed in homes, cars, and restaurants. More than 300 measurement periods in several homes were documented, along with 25 h of driving two cars, and 22 visits to restaurants. Cooking on gas or electric stoves and electric toaster ovens was a major source of UFP, with peak personal exposures often exceeding 100,000 particles/cm 3 and estimated emission rates in the neighborhood of 10 12 particles/min. Other common sources of high UFP exposures were cigarettes, a vented gas clothes dryer, an air popcorn popper, candles, an electric mixer, a toaster, a hair dryer, a curling iron, and a steam iron. Relatively low indoor UFP emissions were noted for a fireplace, several space heaters, and a laser printer. Driving resulted in moderate exposures averaging about 30,000 particles/cm 3 in each of two cars driven on 17 trips on major highways on the East and West Coasts. Most of the restaurants visited maintained consistently high levels of 50,000-200,000 particles/cm 3 for the entire length of the meal. The indoor/outdoor ratios of size-resolved UFP were much lower than for PM 2.5 or PM 10 , suggesting that outdoor UFP have difficulty in penetrating a home. This in turn implies that outdoor concentrations of UFP have only a moderate effect on personal exposures if indoor sources are present. A time-weighted scenario suggests that for typical suburban nonsmoker lifestyles, indoor sources provide about 47% and outdoor sources about 36% of total daily UFP exposure and in-vehicle exposures add the remainder (17%). However, the effect of one smoker in the home results in an overwhelming increase in the importance of indoor sources (77% of the total). Keywords: cooking, restaurants, gas stoves, electric stoves, vehicles, tobacco smoke. IntroductionUltrafine particles (UFP) are increasingly studied because of considerations of their toxicology and possible human health effects (Oberdo¨rster et al., 2005; Bra¨uner et al., 2007a, b;Sto¨lzel et al., 2007). Outdoor UFP concentrations were measured for 1-2 years in several US cities (U.S. EPA Supersites program; Solomon et al., 2008), and near roadways in California (Zhu et al., 2002) and also in Erfurt and Augsberg, Germany (Wichmann et al., 2000). Residential indoor concentrations have also been reported (Abt et al., 2000;Dennekamp et al., 2001;Long et al., 2001;Wallace and Howard-Reed, 2002;Klepeis et al., 2003;He et al., 2004;Wallace, 2000Wallace, , 2005Wallace, , 2006Wallace et al., 2004Wallace et al., , 2008Hoek et al., 2008). A number of studies of exposures while driving have been done (Westerdahl et al., 2005;Fruin et al., 2008;Zhu et al., 2008). However, exposures in locations such as restaurants or while operating everyday sources of UFP close to one's person (stoves, toasters, ovens, hair dryers...

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Dynamic behavior modeling of cigarette smoke particles inside the car cabin with different ventilation scenarios

Saber

Bazargan

2011

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Air change rates of motor vehicles and in-vehicle pollutant concentrations from secondhand smoke

Cited by 159 publications

References 11 publications

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

Personal exposure to ultrafine particles

Dynamic behavior modeling of cigarette smoke particles inside the car cabin with different ventilation scenarios

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