“…At present, there are around 43 million devices installed with IPA from leading vendors of Chinese origin, such as Baidu and iFlytek, and this number will rise to 1.2 billion in 2021 [9,10]. Today, when people think of IPAs, it is clear how much artificial intelligence (AI) can help human beings: by navigating the fastest route based on the current traffic conditions, providing the weather forecast for the following days, suggesting songs from KKBox or Spotify, recommending a shopping list based on the purchasing history, and even the next travel destination can be suggested [11,12]. All of these can be achieved by the powerful artificial intelligence (AI) system through the user experience of intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) around us: conversational, personalized, and contextual.…”