This paper focuses on the theme of educating to think. The education to thought is a highly topical methodology, in terms of critical thinking and doubt, which initiate processes of reflection and move away from rigid and dogmatic visions. The central point concerns the opportunity to promote a rational activity, not understood as a fideistic attitude towards the great possibilities of reason, but as adesire to direct the educational process on a well-founded scientific basis. There aremany formulations in support of educating to think; they have inspired concrete teaching methodologies focused on the development of critical thinking, preferring doubt, research, cooperative activity, problem solving. Among them, a prominent place is occupied by Cooperative Learning and Problem-Based Learning. They are characterized by analogous aspects and by different factors, but are oriented towards a common intentionality relating to the development of critical and creative thinking, through the strategy of dialogue. The paper highlights the reasons for the motivated interest in the indicated topic, underlining the need, connected to the current historical-social context, for a review of learning methods. Cooperative Learning and Problem-Based Learning are then examined, highlighting the fundamental characteristics and educational objectives. The conditions for creating a suitable climate for effective learning based on skills and competences to be improved areunderlined, describing the teaching methods of interest. These are innovative teaching methods capable of involving pupils, making them interact, making them aware of their knowledge and acquisitions, trying to develop critical and creative thinking in them. Regarding science education, the indications of scientific and pedagogical literature to direct students underline the use of the inquiry-based laboratory teaching methodology, to deal with issues of social relevance and close to students, and the use of an interdisciplinary approach. A detailed example of the application of Problem-Based Learning for science with focus in mathematics for primary school is provided before the conclusions.