“…Significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the polygenic, complex, and heterogeneous disease pathways due to the advancement of disease models in vivo and in vitro (Xu et al, 2021). Diseases that can be studied through translational Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org research include neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD, PD, multiple sclerosis, HD, and ALS, and psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, substance abuse disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, somatic symptom disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and hyperactive ataxia (Kaswan et al, 2021). There are clinician guides for using neuroscience to guide case framework, understand psychotherapeutic techniques, aid in treatment personalization and outcome prediction, and develop novel mechanistically targeted treatments for disorders (Shirbandi et al, 2021).…”