AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update

Endothelial Dysfunction, Increased Arterial Stiffness, and Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: FMD‐J (Flow‐Mediated Dilation Japan) Study A

“…Patients with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) are at high risk for subsequent cardiovascular events and need intensive risk‐reduction therapies to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events 1, 2, 3, 4. However, despite recent advances in the understanding and management of CAD, some optimally treated patients with CAD still have recurrent cardiovascular events 5, 6.…”

Contemporary Primary Prevention Aspirin Use by Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Impact of US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations, 2007—2015: A Serial, Cross‐sectional Study

“…Reductions in CVD morbidity and mortality have been achieved by reducing risk factor exposure with lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, including use of aspirin 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Aspirin has been demonstrated to prevent a first myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke among individuals at high risk12, 13 and to be cost‐effective 16, 17.…”

β‐Blocker Therapy Prior to Admission for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients Without Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Dysfunction Improves In‐Hospital and 12‐Month Outcome: Results From the GULF‐RACE 2 (Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events‐2)

“…The 2014 NTEMI suggest that it might be reasonable to prescribe BB in non‐HF patients indefinitely (Class IIa) 30. However, in both scenarios, the long term is limited to 3 years according to the 2011 AHA/American College of Cardiology secondary prevention update (Class I), and any therapy beyond 3 years might be reasonable (Class IIa) 31. In the absence of trials in the postreperfusion era, the European Society of Cardiology 2012 STEMI guidelines have switched the level of recommendation of long‐term BB therapy from class I to IIa in 2012,32 and kept the same class in the recently published 2017 guidelines 33.…”