“…Instead of seeking global proficiency measures for pragmatics, acquisition studies have utilized measures of development that are appropriate to the research questions posed and the research designs used to investigate them. Development has been assessed by a range of measures including, but not limited to, mitigation (e.g., Barron, 2003), upgrading (Barron, 2007), pragmalinguistics (e.g., conventional expressions and general grammatical knowledge, as in Barron, 2003; Warga & Schölmberger, 2007), intensification (Shardakova, 2005), turn structure and realization of speech acts across turns (Bardovi‐Harlig & Salsbury, 2004; Félix‐Brasdefer, 2004, 2007), and continued investigation of speech acts and semantic formulas (Sabaté i Dalmau & Currell i Gotor, 2007; Shardakova, 2005).…”