Agroforestry trajectories among smallholders in the Brazilian Amazon: innovation and resiliency in pioneer and older settled areas

Smith, Nigel; Falesi, I. C.; Alvim, P. de T.; Serrão, E. A. S.

doi:10.1016/0921-8009(95)00057-7

Cited by 49 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This is in contrast with the case reported for the Brazilian Amazon (Smith et al, 1996). Smith et al (1996) suggested that insufficient financial aid appeared to be the major constraint to the expansion of cash cropping. In Paori, after the government stopped providing free seedlings in 2002, a situation similar to that of the Brazilian Amazon has emerged regarding cash cropping of litchi/longan.…”

Section: Inter-household Variation In Adoption Of Cash Croppingcontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…Paori and the Papua New Guinea highlands had some common characteristics regarding the initiation of cash cropping; in neither region did farmers have to invest money for seedlings because these were provided by the local government to encourage rural development. This is in contrast with the case reported for the Brazilian Amazon (Smith et al, 1996). Smith et al (1996) suggested that insufficient financial aid appeared to be the major constraint to the expansion of cash cropping.…”

Section: Inter-household Variation In Adoption Of Cash Croppingcontrasting

confidence: 55%

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Inter-household variation in adoption of cash cropping and its effects on labor and dietary patterns: a study in a Li hamlet in Hainan island, China

Jiang

Umezaki

Ohtsuka

2006

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Following the economic development policy of China since the 1980s, the indigenous food production systems of communities have been transformed to a market economy. The introduction of cash crops has been the major developmental policy of China's rural areas. Despite the overall improvement of economic status among farmers over the last two decades, inequality among households has emerged as a new problem. In the present study, we investigated the process of how cash crops were accepted in a Li hamlet in Hainan island, China, and how this has influenced the labor and dietary patterns of people. In examining this process, we focussed on inter-household differences. We also reconstructed the demographic changes and land use patterns of all the households of the hamlet for the period between 1985 and 2004. Data on labor and diet of 11 representative households were collected by direct measurement/observation from a total of 12 months of fieldwork in 2000-2004. Reconstruction of the adoption process revealed two important factors that might contribute to current variation among households: (1) the success of pioneering households, which played an important role in triggering the hamlet-level adoption of cash crops, and (2) the availability of labor resources during 1995-2004, which explains the inter-household variation observed in 2004. The households that succeeded in cash cropping appeared to be able to afford further investment in cash cropping, which may have further enlarged inter-household variation. Inter-household variation in cash cropping in 2004 partly explains inter-household variation in food consumption and labor hours. The intensification and maintenance of rice cultivation may alleviate the nutritional (initial phase) and work burden posed by the adoption of cash cropping.

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Section: Inter-household Variation In Adoption Of Cash Croppingcontrasting

confidence: 88%

Section: Inter-household Variation In Adoption Of Cash Croppingcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Inter-household variation in adoption of cash cropping and its effects on labor and dietary patterns: a study in a Li hamlet in Hainan island, China

Jiang

Umezaki

Ohtsuka

2006

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“…They cope with uncertainty by exploring a range of natural resources available at the farm-lot level, including plants and game from the forest, fish from rivers and raised in ponds, and a wide range of crops and animal husbandry that are used both for household consumption and commercialization. Diverse farming systems adopted by smallholders' communities worldwide also play a key role in protecting agro-biodiversity (Brookfield et al 2005, Pinedo-Vasquez et al 2002, Smith et al 1996. Farmers also are engaged in wage labor and a range of urban and rural commercial activities.…”

Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Credit use is related also to several other factors such as social organization, family size and land tenure, and plays considerable influence on determining crop allocation and field size (Chibnik 1994). In this context, diversification of land uses comprises a strategy that is important both to reduce risks and to attend household consumption needs , Pinedo-Vasquez et al 2002, Smith et al 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paths of Diversification: Land use, livelihood strategies and social learning along the aging of a land reform settlement in Acre, Brazil

Ludewigs

Brondízio

2009

Amazônica

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This paper explores the story of settlers overcoming challenges common to the environment of expanding agricultural frontiers, and how this is reflected on the land-use and livelihood choices that unfold with the aging of settlements. The study site is a land reform project in the State of Acre, Brazil. We found that most families seek to diversify their livelihood strategies and take advantage of new opportunities as a way to cope with income uncertainties largely present on the frontier setting. As in other parts of the Amazon, cattle-ranching is the single most important activity to secure income, but complementary activities such as agroforestry and fish breeding are key for economic security and improvements.Key words: land-use, Acre, Amazonia. ResumoEste artigo explora a história de colonos que enfrentam os desafios de fronteiras agrícolas em expansão, e de como estes desafios se refletem nas escolhas de uso da terra e nas estratégias econômi-cas que se desdobram ao longo da vida dos assentamentos. A área de estudo é um projeto de reforma agrária no Estado do Acre, Brasil. Os resultados indicam que a maior parte das famílias busca a diversificação das estratégias de sustento, e se aproveitam de novas oportunidades como forma de se proteger contra incertezas relacionadas à renda familiar comuns às regiões de fronteiras agrícolas. Tal como em outras partes da Amazônia, a pecuária é a atividade mais importante para assegurar a renda familiar, mas atividades complementares como sistemas agroflorestais e criação de peixes são fundamentais para a melhoria e a segurança das condições econômicas.Palavras-chave: uso da terra, Acre, Amazonia. ResumenEste manuscrito explora la estoria de asentados que pasan por desafíos comunes al contexto de fronteras agrícolas en expansión, y de como estos desafíos se reflejan en las opciones de uso de la tierra y en las estratégias econômicas que se desdoblan con el desarrollar de los asentamientos. El área de estudios es un proyecto de reforma agraria en el Estado de Acre, Brasil. Los resultados 333 Amazônica 1 (2): 330-367, 2009The paths of diversification: Land use, livelihood strategies and social learning along the aging of a land reform settlement in Acre, Brazil indican que la mayor parte de las familias opta por la diversificación de las estrategias de se ganar la vida, y se benefician de las oportunidades como forma de protección contra las incertidumbres relacionadas a la renta familiar. Así como en otras partes de la Amazonía, la ganadería es la actividad más importante para asegurar la renta familiar, pero actividades complementares como sistemas agroforestales y el cultivo de pescados són clave para mejorar las condiciones de seguridad y económicas.Palabras-clave: uso de la tierra, Acre, Amazonía.

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“…However, some landless peasants have achieved significant agricultural production on their occupied land (Kondo and Doi 2005). A common form of small-scale agriculture in the Amazon region is polycultural agriculture, which includes both tree and annual crops (Smith et al 1996, Leite et al 2004, Hoch et al 2009). Tree crop cultivation is advantageous as it prevents soil deterioration, mitigates forest biomass loss, and has a long-spanned harvestable period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of agricultural production on the livelihood of landless peasants settled in the lower Amazon

Ishimaru

Kobayashi

Yoshikawa

2014

Tropics

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In Brazil, the movement of landless peasants and poor people excluded from the urban labor market to occupy uncultivated lands for agricultural production is widespread. We examined whether settling on occupied land enables landless peasants to improve their livelihood or not, and which agricultural practices should be implemented at the initial stage of migration in order to secure production sufficient for subsistence, by comparing households in two settlements that were at different time periods of the migration process. The survey results suggest that the selection and combination of crop species is an important factor for producing both sales income and subsistence. Providing crop species-specific information essential to generating sales income and subsistence e.g., harvest season, fruiting age, and market value may increase the chances of alleviating poverty.

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Agroforestry trajectories among smallholders in the Brazilian Amazon: innovation and resiliency in pioneer and older settled areas

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

Inter-household variation in adoption of cash cropping and its effects on labor and dietary patterns: a study in a Li hamlet in Hainan island, China

Inter-household variation in adoption of cash cropping and its effects on labor and dietary patterns: a study in a Li hamlet in Hainan island, China

Paths of Diversification: Land use, livelihood strategies and social learning along the aging of a land reform settlement in Acre, Brazil

Impact of agricultural production on the livelihood of landless peasants settled in the lower Amazon

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