Agro-industrial wastewater-grown microalgae: A techno-environmental assessment of open and closed systems

Emergy Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment for Evaluating the Sustainability of Solar-Integrated Ecotechnologies in Winery Wastewater Treatment

“…To calculate the sustainability of the winery wastewater treatment system, we evaluated and compared the Emergy value and indices of the CW system and microalgae-based treatment system by using the following scenarios. The quantities of materials used, such as machinery, glass, plastics, pumps, pipes, liners, and concrete, were assumed and estimated based on the plant design and from previous studies. ,− The lifetimes of the materials and machinery were estimated to be 20 years.…”

“…However, the data related to infrastructure and background processes, such as the transportation of building materials, land stabilization, screening of microalgae, utilities, and infrastructure placement, are excluded from the system boundary. Using the previously published data, ,− the specification and parameters for each case study were constructed, and detailed technical parameters and specifications are provided in the SI.…”

Integrated anaerobic digestion and algae cultivation

“…Among them are trickling filters, submerged aerated biofilters, rotating biological contactors, wetlands, sequencing batch reactors, chemically enhanced sedimentation, zeolite columns, and dissolved air flotation (Khan et al, 2011). In recent decades, microalgae-based technologies, such as the high-rate algal pond (HRAP), have also been evaluated and shown to be promising (Assemany et al, 2018;Benett et al, 2008;Couto et al, 2020;Magalhães et al, 2022;Santiago et al, 2013;Vassalle et al, 2020aVassalle et al, , 2020bVillar-Navarro et al, 2018) (Figure 8.1). Systems that use algal-bacterial symbiosis represent a wastewater treatment technology (Zhen et al, 2022) with the advantages of reduced energy consumption during aeration, efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and effective biomass recycling (Xie et al, 2018).…”

Intensifying the Absorption of CO2 in Water Using a Static Mixer; Part II: Effect of Reactor Design

“…For instance, the design of efficient, low-cost carbonation systems is of paramount importance in microalgae research. Boosting the production in high-rate algal ponds and photobioreactors rely on the supply of CO 2 -rich waters for their utilization by the cell culture to convert carbon into biomass. – In remineralization operations, dissolved CO 2 reacts with calcium or magnesium ions to form thermodynamically stable carbonated products. This is typically accomplished by the dissolution of lime or limestone in CO 2 -acidified desalinated water, an essential step in rendering water palatable and noncorrosive. , Moreover, biogas production through anaerobic digestion is a process which converts organic matter, through a series of oxidation–reduction reactions, to its most reduced (i.e., methane) and most oxidized (i.e., CO 2 ) forms .…”