Agro-industrial wastes for biotechnological production as potential substrates to obtain fungal enzymes

Abstract

Agro-industrial wastes contain high moisture content and are rich in nutrients, and can be used as useful substrates by microbes with the supplementation of nitrogen sources, thus providing an alternative tool for the industrial production of many products of economic value, such as enzymes for example. These are proteins that function as biological catalysts, responsible for carrying out various biochemical reactions, being applied in detergent, food, paper and cellulose, cosmetics, textile industries, etc. However, they are expensive raw materials, and it is worth noting that an important part of the cost of manufacturing enzymes is mainly due to the expense of means and fermentation processes. Thus, to minimize the cost of this production and in order to reduce the degradation of the environment due to agricultural waste, a variety of microorganisms and agro-industrial “by-products” can be used to facilitate the economic production of enzymes.Therefore, in this work, a review was carried out on agro-industrial residues and the main enzymes in the industrial market, as well as the use of these materials as sources to obtain enzymes produced by fungi.

Fungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow

“…Fungal biomass from Trichothecium roseum can remove up to 97.5% of phosphate; other species such as Epicoccum nigrum, Geotrichum candidum, and other Trichoderma sp. can remove significant amounts of nitrogen from waste water streams (Coulibaly et al, 2003;Sankaran et al, 2010), removal of heavy metals (Shakya et al, 2016), waste from the textile industry (Jebapriya and Gnanadoss, 2013), and agro-industrial waste (Ferreira et al, 2016;Matei et al, 2021). Both filamentous (Al-Otibi et al, 2022) and edible mushroom species like Pleurotus tuberregium (oyster mushroom) and Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak mushroom) (Isikhuemhen et al, 2003;Shen and Chaichi, 2020) have demonstrated the ability to bioremediate crude oil hydrocarbons.…”