Agriculture

Abstract

Land, including its water bodies, provides the basis for human livelihoods and well-being through primary productivity, the supply of food, freshwater, and multiple other ecosystem services (high confidence). Neither our individual or societal identities, nor the world's economy would exist without the multiple resources, services and livelihood systems provided by land ecosystems and biodiversity. The annual value of the world's total terrestrial ecosystem services has been estimated at 75 trillion USD in 2011, approximately equivalent to the annual global Gross Domestic Product (based on USD2007 values) (medium confidence). Land and its biodiversity also represent essential, intangible benefits to humans, such as cognitive and spiritual enrichment, sense of belonging and aesthetic and recreational values. Valuing ecosystem services with monetary methods often overlooks these intangible services that shape societies, cultures and quality of life and the intrinsic value of biodiversity. The Earth's land area is finite. Using land resources sustainably is fundamental for human well-being (high confidence). {1.1.1} Land use and observed climate change SPM approved draft IPCC SRCCL | Page Subject to copy edit and layout 1 2 3 Prevalence of overweight + obese 4 Prevalence of underweight Total calories per capita Population CHANGE in EMISSIONS since 1961 B. GHG emissionsAn estimated 23% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016) derive from Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). E. Food demandIncreases in production are linked to consumption changes. F. Desertification and land degradationLand-use change, land-use intensification and climate change have contributed to desertification and land degradation.CHANGE in % rel. to 1961 and 1970 CHANGE in % rel. to 1961 and 1975 1 2 3 Inland wetland extent Dryland areas in drought annually Population in areas experiencing desertification 1 2 3 CHANGE in % rel. to 1961 1 2 3 Irrigation water volume 4 Total number of ruminant livestock Cereal yields Inorganic N fertiliser use Intensive pasture 2%12% (12 -14%) 1% (1 -1%) 37% (30 -47%) 22% (16 -23%) 28% (24 -31%)