Agricultural systems as potential sources of emerging human mycoses caused by <i>Trichoderma</i>: a successful, common phylotype of <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> in the frontline

Lóránt, Hatvani; Homa, Mónika; Chenthamara, Komal; Cai, Feng; Kocsubé, Sándor; Atanasova, Lea; Mlinarić-Missoni, Emilija; Palanisamy, M.; Rajaraman, Revathi; Dóczi, Ilona; Bogáts, Gábor; Narendran, Venkatapathy; Büchner, Rita; Vágvölgyi, Csaba; Druzhinina, Irina S.; Kredics, László

doi:10.1093/femsle/fnz246

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Thus, these species can be distinguished based on tef1 similarity < 97% or identified based on ≥ 97%. This assumes that different strains of the same species can have up to 27 mutations in the diagnostic area of the tef1 DNA barcode, which agrees well with the species where large populations were studied (Druzhinina et al 2012;Hatvani et al 2019).…”

Section: Trichoderma Species Can Be Identified Based On ≥ 99% and ≥ 9supporting

confidence: 58%

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In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma

2021

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Modern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichodermawww.trichoderma.info). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1, and rpb2), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info. We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.

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Section: Trichoderma Species Can Be Identified Based On ≥ 99% and ≥ 9supporting

confidence: 58%

“…However, the polyphasic approach, i.e. the application of the GCPSR concept integrated with the detailed ecophysiological profiling and analysis of biogeography did not support the existence of T. bissettii as a single taxon because no other differences were detected (Hatvani et al 2019).…”

Section: Trichoderma Species Can Be Identified Based On ≥ 99% and ≥ 9mentioning

confidence: 97%

In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma

2021

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“…As T. longibrachiatum is clinically important, it is not suggested to be used as a biocontrol agent [47]. The T. longibrachiatum strain was involved in this study as a producer of 20-residue long peptaibols (Figure 8).…”

Section: Changes In Peptaibol Production During Different In Vitro Trmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No significant differences (p < 0.05) could be detected in the relative amounts of peptaibols in peaks 4-8 in any of the interactions. As T. longibrachiatum is clinically important, it is not suggested to be used as a biocontrol agent [47]. The T. longibrachiatum strain was involved in this study as a producer of 20-residue long peptaibols (Figure 8).…”

Section: Expression Of the Tex1 Gene During T Asperellum-r Solani Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Peptaibol Production of Trichoderma Species during In Vitro Antagonistic Interactions with Fungal Plant Pathogens

et al. 2020

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Trichoderma species are widely used as biofungicides for the control of fungal plant pathogens. Several studies have been performed to identify the main genes and compounds involved in Trichoderma–plant–microbial pathogen cross-talks. However, there is not much information about the exact mechanism of this profitable interaction. Peptaibols secreted mainly by Trichoderma species are linear, 5–20 amino acid residue long, non-ribosomally synthesized peptides rich in α-amino isobutyric acid, which seem to be effective in Trichoderma–plant pathogenic fungus interactions. In the present study, reversed phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to detect peptaibol profiles of Trichoderma strains during interactions with fungal plant pathogens. MS investigations of the crude extracts deriving from in vitro confrontations of Trichoderma asperellum and T. longibrachiatum with different plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum species complex, Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani) were performed to get a better insight into the role of these non-ribosomal antimicrobial peptides. The results revealed an increase in the total amount of peptaibols produced during the interactions, as well as some differences in the peptaibol profiles between the confrontational and control tests. Detection of the expression level of the peptaibol synthetase tex1 by qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in T. asperellum/R. solani interaction in comparison to the control. In conclusion, the interaction with plant pathogens highly influenced the peptaibol production of the examined Trichoderma strains.

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“…The diversity of these genera is high, but so far, only a handful of species have been used as bioeffectors in biocontrol formulations (Druzhinina et al 2011;Kubicek et al 2019). However, some of these species also have potentially adverse effects like as mushroom pests (Komo n-Zelazowska et al 2007;Innocenti et al 2019) or even as pathogens for immunocompromised humans (Sandoval-Denis et al 2014;Hatvani et al 2019). Therefore, new and safe bioeffectors are required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging salt marshes as a source ofTrichoderma arenariumsp. nov. and other fungalbioeffectors forbiosaline agriculture

Ding

Chen

et al. 2020

J. Appl. Microbiol.

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Aims: Sustainable agriculture requires effective and safe biofertilizers and biofungicides with low environmental impact. Natural ecosystems that closely resemble the conditions of biosaline agriculture may present a reservoir for fungal strains that can be used as novel bioeffectors. Methods and Results: We isolated a library of fungi from the rhizosphere of three natural halotolerant plants grown in the emerging tidal salt marshes on the southeast coast of China. DNA barcoding of 116 isolates based on the rRNA ITS1 and 2 and other markers (tef1 or rpb2) revealed 38 fungal species, including plant pathogenic (41%), saprotrophic (24%) and mycoparasitic (28%) taxa. The mycoparasitic fungi were mainly species from the hypocrealean genus Trichoderma, including at least four novel phylotypes. Two of them, representing the taxa Trichoderma arenarium sp. nov. (described here) and T. asperelloides, showed antagonistic activity against five phytopathogenic fungi, and significant growth promotion on tomato seedlings under the conditions of saline agriculture. Conclusions: Trichoderma spp. of salt marshes play the role of natural biological control in young soil ecosystems with a putatively premature microbiome. Significance and Impact of the Study: The saline soil microbiome is a rich source of halotolerant bioeffectors that can be used in biosaline agriculture.

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Agricultural systems as potential sources of emerging human mycoses caused by Trichoderma: a successful, common phylotype of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the frontline

Cited by 28 publications

References 81 publications

In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma

In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma

Changes in Peptaibol Production of Trichoderma Species during In Vitro Antagonistic Interactions with Fungal Plant Pathogens

Emerging salt marshes as a source ofTrichoderma arenariumsp. nov. and other fungalbioeffectors forbiosaline agriculture

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