“…Risk can be viewed from various perspectives, including environmental risks from droughts, floods, forest fires, and earthquakes, supply risks relating to supplier reliability, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, supply quality and supplier capability, demand risks arising from data errors, customer preferences and forecasting errors, and process risks from technological changes and production and transportation issues [8]. However, beyond these traditional sources, further risks relating to perishability, product contamination, storage and transportation, and climate conditions must also be considered [9]. These are likely to disrupt information, material, technology, and knowledge flows in AFSCs, causing discontinuity and reduced profitability [10].…”