Agreement Between A 2-Dimensional Digital Image-Based 3-Compartment Body Composition Model and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for The Estimation of Relative Adiposity

Body composition estimates using a 2D image analysis system across different environmental conditions: An agreement study

“…For other prediction methods, hydration status has been cited as a source of error for bioimpedance and technician error as a source for skinfolds [23,27,28]. While these sources of error may impact the relative accuracy across traditional body composition prediction methods, they may not apply to IMAGE [7,9,14,16]. Instead, the current results indicate that concerns regarding the agreement between %Fat estimates obtained under different environmental conditions are related to smartphone image analysis and the effectiveness of the automated embedded algorithms to identify a person within the captured image and locate the necessary anatomical landmarks [7,9,14,16].…”

“…While these sources of error may impact the relative accuracy across traditional body composition prediction methods, they may not apply to IMAGE [7,9,14,16]. Instead, the current results indicate that concerns regarding the agreement between %Fat estimates obtained under different environmental conditions are related to smartphone image analysis and the effectiveness of the automated embedded algorithms to identify a person within the captured image and locate the necessary anatomical landmarks [7,9,14,16]. One of our primary findings was that different colored backgrounds (i.e., black, orange, green, and gray) can impact the agreement between measurements obtained using the IMAGE technique.…”

“…% Fat was derived from the IMAGE, using a proprietary algorithm which automatically identifies and measures the horizontal linear diameter of various anatomical landmarks (United States Utility Patent 16/841944) [7,9,14]. The participant image obtained using the 12.9 inch 64 g iPad Air 2 (8 MP) under Ambient Light (AL, 300-400 Lux) in front of the WB served as the reference condition because these conditions were used in each of the prior validation studies [9,13,14,16].…”

“…However, the previous validation research was conducted in tightly controlled laboratory environments in which digital images were obtained while participants stood in front of a white background (WB) under ambient room lighting [9,13,14,16]. Even in the few studies that have examined the test-retest reliability of digital anthropometric techniques, multiple measurements were performed under identical environmental conditions using the same smartphone device or 3D scanner [17].…”

Emergence of imaging technology beyond the clinical setting: Utilization of mobile health tools for at‐home testing

“…One unique feature of Made is that it is capable of assessing body volume, which can be combined with TBW for calculating BF%, FM, and FFM in a 3-compartment model. 71 Subsequently, Made is an accurate and viable alternative to hydrostatic weighing or air displacement plethysmography. 66 Nonetheless, future research needs to explore the added benefit of Made, when used in a 3-compartment model, vs a stand-alone measurement.…”