“…In the Kenyan example noted above, while women engaged in cultivation and some petty trade, men got involved in a host of insecure and often semi-legal activities (field notes: Nitya Rao, October 2015). Rather than seeing women and men as autonomous entities, working independently of each other, hence always constrained by the absence of independent, individualized resource control (Carr, 2008a;Sugden et al, 2014), we need to acknowledge their differentiated, but complementary roles, shaped by cultural values and social norms, in agriculture, building livelihoods, and shaping adaptation responses to climatic and other stresses.…”