Aggression induced by intermittent positive reinforcement

Looney, Thomas A.; Cohen, Perrin S.

doi:10.1016/0149-7634(82)90004-5

Cited by 59 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Earlier studies in pigeons and monkeys have demonstrated enhanced levels of aggression after discontinuation of scheduled reinforcement (Azrin et al 1966;Cherek and Pickens 1970;Kelly 1974;Looney and Cohen 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression Escalated by Social Instigation or by Discontinuation of Reinforcement (“Frustration”) in Mice Inhibition by Anpirtoline: A 5-HT1B Receptor Agonist

Almeida

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

140

104

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Experiments with social instigation or the omission of scheduled reinforcement show that serotonergic mechanisms may be involved in escalated aggression in animals. 5-HT 1B receptor agonists have anti-aggressive effects in individuals who show moderate as well as high levels of aggression. The present study compared the effects of the 5-HT 1B agonist anpirtoline (0.125-1.5 mg/kg) on (1) species-typical aggressive behavior in male mice, (2) aggression "instigated" or primed by prior exposure to the opponent, and (3) aggression heightened by "frustration" caused by omission of scheduled reinforcement. The effects of anpirtoline on species-typical behavior were also assessed after pretreatment with the 5-HT 1B/1D receptor antagonist GR127935 (10 mg/kg). Anpirtoline, like other 5-HT 1Bagonists 253, zolmitriptan) The development of valid experimental protocols that model clinically relevant, excessive levels of aggressive behavior is a continuing challenge for pre-clinical research on aggression (Miczek 2001). The leading neurobiological hypothesis attributes such intense aggressive behavior, often related to expressions of impulsivity, to a deficit in brain serotonin (Linnoila et al. 1983;Virkkunen et al. 1989;Coccaro 1989). An early example of this research strategy was the demonstration that mice would exhibit intense aggressive behavior after prolonged isolated housing, and this isolation-induced aggression is associated with lower serotonin turnover in the brainstem ). Long-standing concerns with the validity and reliability of isolation-induced aggression and its limited species generality prompt the search for alternate approaches (Brain 1975;Krsiak 1975). Similarly, correlation of aggressive behavior with a single tissue or CSF measurement of serotonin or its metabolite need to be reconciled with the anti-aggressive effects of agonist NO . 2 and antagonist treatment of specific serotonin receptor subtypes (Olivier et al. 1995;de Almeida et al. 2001).The exposure of an experimental subject to a potential rival for a short time prior to the actual confrontation engenders intense levels of aggression, as originally described in mice (Lagerspetz 1969;Tellegen and Horn 1972). For example, mice, rats, and hamsters initiate attacks with very short latency and at high frequency when tested with an intruder in their home cage or in an unfamiliar locale after having been provoked previously by an opponent (Potegal 1992;Fish et al. 1999). Instigation or priming is specific for increasing aggressive behavior and does not activate locomotion, feeding, or sexual behavior (Lagerspetz and Hautojarvi 1967;Potegal and Tenbrink 1984;Potegal 1992). Even after removal of the instigating or priming stimulus, high levels of aggression persist in fish and rodents, presumably from increased "aggressive arousal" or "attack readiness" (Heiligenberg 1974;Potegal and Tenbrink 1984;Potegal 1992). At the neurochemical level, animals that have been instigated to fight are characterized by a long-lasting decrease in serotonin in hypoth...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression Escalated by Social Instigation or by Discontinuation of Reinforcement (“Frustration”) in Mice Inhibition by Anpirtoline: A 5-HT1B Receptor Agonist

Almeida

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

140

104

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“…The basic research on pain-and scheduleinduced aggression, roughly summarized above, was comprehensively reviewed and discussed by Ulrich (1966), Hutchinson (1973), Frederiksen and Peterson (1977) and Looney and Cohen (1982). In these reviews, there are many references to experimental works published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A thorough review about schedule-induced aggression, by Looney and Cohen (1982), added more evidence to the generality of the phenomenon. The authors reported, in detail, the aggressive response topography for each species investigated until then: pigeons pecked the eyes and head of a live or stuffed pigeon, pulling out their feathers; rats threatened, stroked, and bit another rat; monkeys bit a rubber hose; humans punched cushions, and contracted their jaws.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of Azrin et al (1966) started an entire branch of research about aggression induced by intermittent positive reinforcement, based on the paininduced aggression model (Looney & Cohen, 1982). The first ten years of behavior-analytic basic research involving schedule-induced aggression is documented in a review by Frederiksen and Peterson (1977).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This review also reported the temporal organization of the aggressive responses under each schedule, their reinforcement through schedules, the effect of subject variables (e.g., age, sex), and a variety of targets utilized (emphasizing the transition from live ones, to inanimate). Looney and Cohen (1982) emphasized the non-learned aspect of the reaction and made considerations about the practice of using mostly pigeons as subjects, calling for research with mammalian species. The authors agreed with Frederiksen and Peterson (1977) about the similarity of the phenomenon with the ones called "adjunctive behavior".…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Induced Aggression in Jeab: A Survey of Publications

Soares¹,

Goulart²

2016

REBAC

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RESUMOOs primeiros experimentos sobre agressão induzida buscaram estabelecer a relação direta entre estimulação aversiva e comportamento agressivo. A generalidade do fenômeno foi avaliada com variações na espécie dos sujeitos e nos estímulos indutores. Estudos seminais sobre agressão induzida foram publicados no periódico Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB). Os objetivos do presente estudo foram apresentar sistematicamente a distribuição temporal das publicações sobre a agressão induzida no JEAB e descrever seus aspectos metodológicos. Os termos "aggress*", "fight*" e "attack*" foram buscados no banco de dados Wiley Online Library e critérios de seleção foram aplicados. Cinquenta e oito estudos foram analisados. A representatividade global de publicações sobre agressão induzida no JEAB foi de 1,1%. Entre 1962 e 1981, houve publicação regular sobre agressão induzida no periódico, o que representa 2,8% das publicações do JEAB no período referido. Neste intervalo, um primeiro período de publicações foi marcado por investigações envolvendo exposição de ratos e macacos-de-cheiro a choque elétrico, o que resultava em respostas agressivas de luta e de mordida, respectivamente; um segundo período foi marcado por trabalhos que envolviam a exposição de pombos a esquemas de reforço, resultando em respostas agressivas de bicar. O padrão de publicação sobre agressão induzida no JEAB está de acordo com indicações anteriores sobre a distribuição temporal das publicações gerais sobre a agressão induzida. Limitações do presente trabalho são discutidas e sugestões para pesquisas adicionais são fornecidas.Palavras-chave: agressão induzida, JEAB, levantamento ABSTRACT Early experimental research on induced aggression aimed to set the direct relation between aversive stimulation and aggressive behavior. The generality of the phenomenon was evaluated with variations in the subjects' species and in the inducting stimuli. Seminal studies on induced aggression were published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB). The objectives of the present study were systematically present the temporal distribution of publications on induced aggression in JEAB and describe the studies' methodological aspects. The terms "aggress*", "fight*", and "attack*" were searched in the Wiley Online Library database, and selecting criteria were applied. Fiftyeight articles were analyzed. The global representativeness of publications about induced aggression in JEAB is 1.1%. Between 1962 and 1981, there were regular publications about induced aggression in the journal, representing 2.8% of the publications in JEAB in the referred period. During this interval, a first period of publications was marked by investigations involving the exposition of rats and squirrel monkeys to electric shock, which would result in fighting and biting aggressive responses, respectively; a second period was marked by studies involving the exposition of pigeons to schedules of reinforcement, resulting in aggressive pecking responses. The pu...

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A Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior

1983

Aggr. Behav.

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Aggression induced by intermittent positive reinforcement

Cited by 59 publications

References 112 publications

Aggression Escalated by Social Instigation or by Discontinuation of Reinforcement (“Frustration”) in Mice Inhibition by Anpirtoline: A 5-HT1B Receptor Agonist

Aggression Escalated by Social Instigation or by Discontinuation of Reinforcement (“Frustration”) in Mice Inhibition by Anpirtoline: A 5-HT1B Receptor Agonist

Induced Aggression in Jeab: A Survey of Publications

A Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior

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