Aggression as a function of expected retaliation and aggression level of target and aggressor.

Peterson, Rolf A.

doi:10.1037/h0031082

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is probably fairly common in Finnish education to encourage defence against one's equals whereas offensive aggression is not approved of. The results were partly in accordance with Peterson's (1970) findings: aggressive reactions are more intense the higher the risk of retaliation. The risk of retaliation is higher when the target is a boy of the same size than if he is a weaker peer.…”

Section: Discrimination Between the Targets Of Aggressionsupporting

confidence: 88%

An aggression machine I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence

Pitkänen

1973

Scandinavian J Psychology

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PitkÄnen, L. An aggression machine. I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 56–64.‐Sixty 9‐year‐old boys were tested with an aggression machine (PAM) designed by the writer. PAM allows the variation of both S (light) and R (pressing a button) intensities. The stimuli and responses were given the designations of offensive and defensive aggression, respectively. The following main hypotheses were supported: (1) The intensity of impulsive aggressive defence to an aggressive offence was adapted to the intensity of attack. (2) The intensity of aggressive defence was determined by the authority of the attacker, the defence being strongest when the attacker was a person of the same age and status, and least vigorous when the attacker was a figure of authority or a weaker person. (3) The correlations of the intensity of aggressive defence against different attackers depended on the similarity of their social position; the correlations were higher the closer the position.

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Section: Discrimination Between the Targets Of Aggressionsupporting

confidence: 88%

An aggression machine I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence

Pitkänen

1973

Scandinavian J Psychology

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“…This implies that personality variables might interact with situational variables to produce different perception and reactions to aggression. This conclusion is supported to some degree by Paterson's (1970) study. Paterson found that highly aggressive children responded more aggressively when there was a threat for retaliation than when there was no such threat.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

The victim's reaction to an attack as a function of his perception of the attacker following a verbal insult

Orbach

1978

Euro J Social Psych

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“…Thus, it would be expected that children could provide valid ratings of aggression in their peers, regardless of age. Indeed, several studies have indicated that third to sixth graders' peer ratings of aggression accurately predict observed levels of aggressive behavior (Peterson, 1971; Winder & Wiggins, 1964; Williams, Meyer, Eron, & Semler, 1967). The findings of the present series of studies suggest that such accuracy may extend downward as far as the first grade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in children's perceptions of social deviance: Changes in behavior or in perspective?

Younger¹,

Schwartzman²,

Ledingham³

1986

Developmental Psychology

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Previous research has revealed grade-related changes in organization underlying children's ratings of aggression and withdrawal in their peers (\ounger, Schwartzman, & Ledingham, 1985). The present investigation examined the contributions to such changes of age-related differences in the perspective of the raters (age of rater) and in the behavior of the children rated (age of children rated). Study 1 examined teacher ratings of aggression and withdrawal in first-, fourth-, and seventh-grade children in order to assess effects attributable to age of children rated. In contrast to earlier findings with peer raters, no differences were found across grade level in the organization of teacher ratings. Study 2 examined age of rater differences in the organization of first-, fourth-, and seventh-grade children's beliefs about behavior that might be displayed by hypothetical peers. Differences were found that paralleled those observed earlier in children's actual peer ratings. Study 3 examined first-and seventh-grade children's ratings of peers who were older or younger than the raters, to assess the influence of age of rater on children's ratings. Age of rater effects emerged even when children rated peers who were not their age mates. These findings suggest that differences across grade level reported in children's peer ratings largely reflect differences in the child raters' view of behavior. Implications of these findings for the use of peer evaluations are discussed.Childhood peer relations have assumed a role of central importance in the assessment and classification of childhood psychopathology (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1978;Quay, 1979;Ross, 1980). How children relate to their peers has not only served as a means for classifying childhood behavior problems but has also been found to provide a valuable predictive index of later functioning in adolescence and adulthood (Kohlberg, LaCrosse, & Ricks, 1972;Roff, Sells, & Golden, 1972). Because children represent actual participant-observers of the social behavior of their peers and may consequently view such behavior from a unique perspective, investigators have also increasingly chosen children to serve as assessors of the social functioning of their peers. Indeed, it has been argued that the assessment of peer opinion provides the investigator with unique information

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Aggression as a function of expected retaliation and aggression level of target and aggressor.

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

An aggression machine I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence

An aggression machine I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence

The victim's reaction to an attack as a function of his perception of the attacker following a verbal insult

Age-related differences in children's perceptions of social deviance: Changes in behavior or in perspective?

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