Aggregation of unsaturated long‐chain fatty alcohols in nonaqueous systems

Dunn, Robert O.; Bagby, M. O.

doi:10.1007/bf02635789

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…The lost degree of rotational freedom causes an increased bulkiness and rigidity in the chain. These vary with the conformation, cis or trans, of the unsaturations and with the number of unsaturated bonds (21). As mentioned above, NMR analysis showed that a partial isomerization of the homoconjugated double bonds in the linoleyl amide ethoxylates to conjugated bonds had taken place.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Firstly, the cis conformation is more polarized and thus more hydrophilic, leading to a higher unimer concentration in bulk solution. Secondly, the cis conformation is slightly bulkier than the trans conformation (21,22). Owing to this bulkiness of the cis isomer, the amide group in oleic acid-based surfactants might not as easily form hydrogen bonds with neighboring surfactants, thus losing a driving force for the formation of micelles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Fatty amide ethoxylates: Synthesis and self‐assembly

Folmer¹,

Holmberg

Klingskog

et al. 2001

J Surfact & Detergents

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A series of fatty acid monoethanolamide ethoxylates was synthesized. Tensiometry and fluorescence were used to study the solution behavior of this surfactant series. The effect of the amide bond, the effect of unsaturations in the hydrocarbon chains, and the effects of the oxyethylene chain length were investigated. The presence of the amide group was found to lead to a decrease in the critical micelle concentration (CMC), an effect that is probably due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules. The surface tension at the CMC was higher when an amide bond was present in the surfactant. This probably reflects the increase in size of the polar group (decrease in the critical packing parameter value) which is unfavorable for close alignment of surfactant molecules at the air-water interface. The presence of unsaturations in the hydrophobic tail gave an increase in the CMC. This may partly be due to the surfactants becoming more hydrophilic and partly to the increased bulkiness of the chains, rendering packing into closed aggregates and formation of hydrogen bonds between amide groups more difficult. The cross-sectional headgroup areas of the surfactants increased with the degree of unsaturation as a consequence of more unfavorable packing at the surface. SCHEME 2. Synthetic route to ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamides. FIG. 2. Surface tension vs. concentration curves for stearyl amide ethoxylates, where E10 represents 10 oxyethylene units, etc. CMC, critical micelle concentration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fatty amide ethoxylates: Synthesis and self‐assembly

Folmer¹,

Holmberg

Klingskog

et al. 2001

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…The properties of oil solutions of long-chain alcohols have been studied from the different points of views and it has been known that alcohol molecules gather together to form aggregates in oil solutions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Also, in our previous paper [11], the enthalpy of mixing of oleyl alcohol and oils was measured by a high-accuracy isothermal calorimeter and the aggregation behavior of the alcohol molecules has been elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Aggregate formation in oil and adsorption at oil/water interface: thermodynamics and its application to the oleyl alcohol system

Murakami

Takata

Ohta

et al. 2004

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…Different molecular forces, H bonding, dipolar and van der Waals forces underlie the interaction between oils and solvents. 25 Performance evaluation. By the same reason of being non polar, CSO formed good dispersion in the non-polar solvent, Hep.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsifiers-free lubrication process using natural oils dispersions in non-aqueous solvents for leather

et al. 2015

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The current practising method for the lubrication of leather uses emulsions of oils in water (fatliquors) that are prepared using emulsifiers. Precisely, the fatliquoring process is a sum of three processes-surface wetting, oil emulsion spreading and coating of oil on the fibre bundles. This method suffers from drawbacks on account of high water consumption for oil diffusion and discharge of wastewater carrying emulsifiers. This paper reports a new approach of preparing emulsifier free ready-to use oil-solvent dispersions, and their tuning to obtain required softness in leather. The oil and the solvent, both determine the size of the dispersions. The addition of non -aqueous solvent tunes the size of the dispersions, as seen for an e.g. in the case of castor oil in heptane (Hep) and ethyl acetate (EA) mixture at a volume ratio of 0.9:0.1, wherein, size is 4 nm as against 3060 nm in 0.1:0.9 mixtures. The kinematic viscosity (ʋ) of oil-solvent dispersions was comparable with that of commercial fatliquors. In all cases, the surface tension of oil progressively decreases up to a certain concentration and thereafter, remains almost invariant. This is suggestive of formation of aggregates of solvents. An interesting correlation between the size and lubrication performance was observed. Such of those dispersions with appropriate diameter (10< size <300 nm) and polydispersity index <0.3 had a good diffusion, leading to softer leathers. It is to be noted that to form oil in water emulsions with size in this range, a very large amount of emulsifiers/surfactants, which is invariably equal to or more than that of weight of oil is required. Surface energy of leathers were significantly altered depending on type of oil dispersions, thus in turn influencing the dispersion-leather contact and hence oil spreading on leather surface.

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Aggregation of unsaturated long‐chain fatty alcohols in nonaqueous systems

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Fatty amide ethoxylates: Synthesis and self‐assembly

Fatty amide ethoxylates: Synthesis and self‐assembly

Aggregate formation in oil and adsorption at oil/water interface: thermodynamics and its application to the oleyl alcohol system

Emulsifiers-free lubrication process using natural oils dispersions in non-aqueous solvents for leather

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