Aggregation-induced emission in thiophene derivatives

Thiophene Stability in Photodynamic Therapy: A Mathematical Model Approach

“…They have gained significant attention as potential building blocks in the design of photosensitizers, primarily due to their electron-donating ability [ 20 ], their enhanced π-conjugation [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], and their unique photophysical and photochemical properties [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. In the field of theranostic applications, these derivatives are particularly vital, encompassing the latest advancements in photosensitizers based on aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) [ 14 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Photosensitizers containing thiophene are notable for their significant red-shifts in absorption and emission wavelengths [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 43 ], which is advantageous for deeper tissue penetration in therapeutic applications.…”

Molecular Modulation by σ Conjugated Spacer Enables Efficient Ultraviolet/Deep-Blue Emissive Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

“…It is vital for augmenting luminescence efficiencies, emission wavelengths, and emitter stability in the OLED devices. − It is well documented that deep-blue emitters have considerable importance in full-color flat-panel displays. Additionally, the use of blue emitting materials can also boost the white light emission for solid state lighting. − Therefore, obtaining well organized and stable blue emissive materials for smart OLEDs has been a formidable challenge particularly for high color purity to contest the (0.14, 0.08) of National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard and EBU (0.15, 0.06). − The donor (D)–acceptor (A) or D-π-A structures of the pure organic fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters are responsible for π–π stacking in the solid state which leads to bathochromic shift and fluorescence quenching. − To circumvent these problems, an alkyl chain spacer is introduced in the PI core unit, which can change the optical properties directing finer solid state emission and enhancing the PLQY. − The charge transporting ability of PI and alkyl chain spacer shows various advantages such as it intensifying the solubility and enabling charge mobility and intermolecular interaction between the emissive cores. − Jiang et al reported a series D-σ-A with narrow singlet triplet splitting energy, bipolar behavior and high triplet energy of the molecules for application in PhOLEDs. , A previous report of our group about alkyl spacer based fluorophores with carbazole donor and PI/benzilimidazole (BI) acceptor displayed PE max of 0.34 lm W –1 , CE max of 0.5 cd A –1 , and EQE max of 3.3% with a maximum luminance of 434 cdm –2 . , In 2022, Iyer et al reported D-A moiety with alkyl chain, wherein the excited state relaxation processes are greatly influenced by the bridging alkyl chain length between D and A . The D–A connectivity with alkyl spacer play a crucial role in obtaining deep-blue emission.…”