Aggregation in Solution of a Synthetic Hapten

Boyd, William C.; Behnke, Jane

doi:10.1126/science.100.2584.13

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Aside from this, in spite of the varied analytical work which has been done on the antibody-antigen system, evidence for the multivalency of the antibody has not yet been found. The valence calculations of Pauling et al (1942) are rendered doubtful by the possibility that the haptens used by him were aggregated by the conditions used (Boyd and Behnke, 1944). One may perhaps incline toward the "alternation" theory on the basis of results such as those reported here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

The Specificity of the Second Stage of Bacterial Agglutination and Hemagglutination

et al. 1945

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About 40 years ago Bordet demonstrated that agglutinins did not ordinarily agglutinate bacilli unless salt was present, and until recently it has been customary for all immunologists to regard the process of specific agglutination as involving two separate stages; first, a primary, specific, and rapid combination of antibody with antigen, and second, a slower stage-requiring the presence of an electrolyte-during which the primary compound particles aggregated. Bordet (1920) believed that the second stage was not serologically specific. He spoke of it as belonging to the "domaine de la physico-chimie." Marrack (1934) in a stimulating monograph on antigens and antibodies proposed a speculative explanation of antibody-antigen reactions involving a purely chemical mechanism throughout. He supposed that each molecule of the antibody had a number of specific combining groups, and through the medium of these groups the molecules or particles of the antigen, which we know to contain numerous specifically reactive groups, were thus tied together. Later, Heidelberger and Kendall (1935) proposed a similar mechanism for the precipitin reaction. This hypothesis has been called the "alternation" theory.It soon became evident that these two theories of agglutination predicted rather different results from the mixing of two independent serological systems. That is, if two different antigens and their respective antibodies were to be mixed, according to the Bordet theory the second stage of agglutination, being nonspecific, should take place irrespective of the type of antigen: sensitized antigen '"X" could combine with sensitized antigen "Y," and mixed clumps, or "agglutinates," should be obtained. According to the newer theory of Marrack and of Heidelberger and Kendall, however, this should not occur, because the linkage is supposed to be serologically specific at all stages. The first attempt to test this was made by Topley, Wilson, and Duncan (1935). They mixed two kinds of bacteria, pneumococci and enteric bacilli, with their respective antisera and observed that the resulting aggregates were homogeneous, that is, each clump was composed either of pneumococci or of bacilli but not of the two simultaneously. This result was in agreement with the predictions of the newer theory of agglutination. Later, however, Abramson (1935) mixed human erythrocytes and Friedliander bacilli with their respective antibodies and found that heterogeneous clumps were obtained. A possible objection to this experiment was the radically different nature and size of the two antigenic particles-bacteria and erythrocytes-15 on July 31, 2020 by guest http://jb.asm.org/ Downloaded from on July 31, 2020 by guest

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

The Specificity of the Second Stage of Bacterial Agglutination and Hemagglutination

et al. 1945

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“…Objections, however, can be raised to their ex perimental technic. It is also likely that many, and perhaps most, of the haptens used by Pauling are not molecularly dispersed in solution (22), or, in other words, are aggregated. If haptens are aggregated, the valence of each particle of hapten is correspond ingly greater than computed from simple chemical formula, and.…”

Section: Boyd and Malkielmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some divalent haptens have failed to precipitate with antibody, but others have been observed to precipitate. However, since such haptens, like many, if not most, organic dyes, are mostly ag gregated in aqueous solution, the test is not strictly a rigorous one (22), unless a hapten which can be shown to be molecularly dis persed under the conditions studied can be induced to precipitate. The aggregation, and resulting colloidal character, was thought by Landsteiner & van der Scheer (116), who first observed the specific precipitation of simple synthetic substances by antibody, to be the most probable explanation.…”

Section: Antibody-antigen Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense Mechanisms

Boyd¹,

Malkiel²

1947

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

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“…1. はじめに C. albicans は病原性真菌の一種で，日和見感染原因菌として知られている． 1) C. albicans は血清やビオチンなどの存在下で酵母形から菌糸形に形態を変化させる特徴を持ち，菌糸形 C. albicans は，酵母形と比較してより強い病原性を示す． [2][3][4] C. albicans には，二形性， 5,6) タンパク質分解酵素産生， 7,8) 脂質分解酵素産生 9,10) などの特徴が知られており，これらの因子は生体組織への侵襲及び傷害に関与していると考えられている．しかし，生体内に侵入した C. albicans の生体内増殖機構については詳細な解析が行われておらず，特に，増殖必須因子である鉄の獲得機構に関しては不明な点が多い．鉄は細胞増殖必須因子の 1 つで， 11) DNA 合成，タンパク質発現などに関与しているが， [12][13][14] C. albicans の場合においても，鉄の補給は増殖に不可欠である． 15,16) 血清中の鉄の大部分は，ホロ型トランスフェリンとして存在しているが， 17,18)…”

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Analysis of the Growth System of <i>Candida albicans</i> in a Host and the Development of New Antifungal Material

Watanabe

2003

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI

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Hyphal cells of Candida albicans bind to human hemoglobin, but not yeast cells. The amount of hemoglobin receptor is significantly higher in hyphal cells than on yeast cells. Only the hyphal cells of C. albicans use hemoglobin as a source of iron. The culture supernatant of C. albicans promoted the disruption of human red blood cells (RBC). Hemolytic activity was detected in a sugar-rich fraction (about 200 kDa) purified by Sephacryl S-100 chromatography. As the hemolytic activity was adsorbed by concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose, the hemolytic factor might be a mannoprotein. The activity was inactivated by periodate oxidation, indicating that the sugar moiety of the mannoprotein plays an important role in hemolysis. The structure of the sugar moiety of the mannoprotein was identified as a cell wall mannan by 1H-NMR analysis, and purified C. albicans mannan promoted the disruption of RBC. The binding of mannan to RBC was demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis and was inhibited by the addition of the band 3 protein inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). The hemolysis caused by mannan is inhibited by DIDS, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, and Bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate, but not by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. A new platinum derivative of the form H[Pt(IV) (Hdigly)Cl2(OH)2] (Hdigly = glycylglycine) has candidacidal activity 10-fold lower than that of cisplatin.

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Aggregation in Solution of a Synthetic Hapten

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

The Specificity of the Second Stage of Bacterial Agglutination and Hemagglutination

The Specificity of the Second Stage of Bacterial Agglutination and Hemagglutination

Defense Mechanisms

Analysis of the Growth System of <i>Candida albicans</i> in a Host and the Development of New Antifungal Material

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