Aggregation behaviour of PE–PEP copolymers and the winterization of diesel fuel

Recent advances on mitigating wax problem using polymeric wax crystal modifier

“…Polyethylene-poly(ethylene-propylene) diblock copolymers have been demonstrated to be able to function as nucleators for wax crystal size control in middle distillate fuels Monkenbusch et al 2000). Figure 4 shows the chemical structure of PE-PEP.…”

Wax Crystallization from Solution in Hierarchical Morphology Templated by Random Poly(ethylene-co-butene) Self-assemblies

“…The geometrical and density parameters have been evaluated from the fit of the data for both contrast conditions in terms of an ensemble of finite extended disks forming a correlated arrangement (eqs [6][7][8]. The results are reported in Table 3 and reveal almost the same lateral extension of the disks as in the case of sample 4 while the amounts of polymer and wax contained by the layers is significantly higher.…”

“…The Q -2 power law and the peak presence at the same Q as for the polymer selfassembling patterns 14 prove a cocrystallization of the polymer and wax in thin correlated platelets which were mediated by the primordial 1-dimensional density modulated polymer structures. The fit of the data was performed again in terms of two embedded layers that form a correlated arrangement described by the paracrystalline structure factor (eqs [6][7][8]. In this case infinite extended disks have been considered as long as their lateral size was not approached within the Q range investigated.…”

Fuel Properties and Performance of Biodiesel

“…While exact chemical structures are proprietary, the most effective additives are generally composed of low molecular weight copolymers similar in melting point to n -alkanes found in petrodiesel. These additives include a variety of polymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, fumarate vinyl acetate copolymers, alkenyl succinic amides, long -chain polyalkylacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyalkylmethacrylates, polyethylenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, copolymers of linear α -olefi ns with acrylic, vinylic and maleic compounds, copolymers containing esterifi ed derivatives of maleic anhydride, styrene -maleate esters and vinyl acetatemaleate esters, secondary amines, random terpolymers of α -olefi n, stearylacrylate and N -alkylmaleimide, copolymers of acrylate/methacrylate with maleic anhydride partially amidated with n -hexadecylamine, itaconate copolymers, polyethylene -polypropylene block copolymers, polyamides of linear or branched acids and copolymers of α -olefi ns, maleic anhydride copolymers, carboxy -containing interpolymers, styrene -maleic anhydride copolymers, polyoxyalkylene compounds, and copolymers with long chain alkyl groups from fatty alcohols as pendant groups (Chandler et al , 1992 ;Owen and Coley, 1990 ;Lewtas et al , 1991 ;Heraud and Pouligny, 1992 ;Brown and Gaskill, 1990 ;Machado and Lucas, 2002 ;Hipeaux et al , 2000 ;Monkenbusch et al , 2000 ;ElGamal et al , 1998 ;Davies et al , 1994 ;Lal, 1994 ;Lal et al , 1994 ;B ö hmke and Pennewiss, 1993 ;Lewtas and Block, 1993 ;Demmering et al , 1992 ;Bormann et al , 1991 ;Denis and Durand, 1991 ;Desai et al , 1991 ;M ü ller et al , 1991 ;Beiny et al , 1990 ;Damin et al , 1986 . ).…”