“…Through the compositional analysis of meteorite extracts [ 14 , 15 ] and experiments simulating primordial Earth environmental conditions [ 10 , 11 ], researchers have identified a range of organic molecules pertinent to early Earth conditions: (1) lipid-like compounds capable of forming protocell structures, consisting of simple single-chained amphiphilic molecules (SCAs) such as fatty acids, alkyl keto acids and monoalkyl phosphates [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]; (2) organic small molecules (OSMs) containing L-amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, D-ribose and isoprenoid derivatives, etc. [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”