“…Finally, this article contributes to the understanding of how our decisions are affected by present bias. A growing body of an empirical literature has documented evidence of present bias across many decisions we make, including smoking (Gruber & Köszegi, 2001, 2004), exercising (DellaVigna & Malmendier, 2006), eating (Ruhm 2012), energy consumption (Schleich et al, 2019; Werthschulte & Löschel, 2021), demand deposits (Kang, 2020), aggregate savings (Kang, 2021), and participation in welfare programs (Fang & Silverman, 2009). Bradford et al (2017) show that the individuals' time preferences are significant predictors of their behaviors across multiple domains, including health, energy use, and financial decisions.…”