Cu-based
nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly fabricated,
and different Cu species (i.e., Cu+ and
Cu2+) of these NPs are tuned to achieve differential physicochemical
properties. Although ion release is one of the major toxic mechanisms
of Cu-based NPs, differences in cytotoxicity between released Cu(I)
and Cu(II) ions are largely unknown. In this study, the A549 cells
exhibited a lower tolerance to Cu(I) compared with Cu(II) accumulation.
Bioimaging of labile Cu(I) indicated that the change of the Cu(I)
level upon CuO and Cu2O exposure displayed different trends.
We then developed a novel method to selectively release Cu(I) and
Cu(II) ions within the cells by designing Cu
x
S shells for Cu2O and CuO NPs, respectively. This method
confirmed that Cu(I) and Cu(II) exhibited different cytotoxicity mechanisms.
Specifically, excess Cu(I) induced cell death through mitochondrial
fragmentation, which further led to apoptosis, whereas Cu(II) resulted
in cell cycle arrest at the S phase and induced reactive oxygen species
generation. Cu(II) also led to mitochondrial fusion, which was likely
due to the influence of the cell cycle. Our study first uncovered
the difference between the cytotoxicity mechanisms of Cu(I) and Cu(II),
which could be greatly beneficial for the green fabrication of engineered
Cu-based NPs.