Agglomeration and sedimentation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) in synthetic and real waters

Characterization of TiO2 nanoparticle suspensions in aqueous solutions and TiO2 nanoparticle retention in water-saturated columns packed with glass beads

“…The NPs have active surfaces and can interact with molecules, organic material, biocolloids, and clays [13][14][15]. Consequently, NPs that enter the environment undergo surface interactions, producing very stable agglomerates, which are capable of migrating over long distances [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The toxicological risks that NPs can pose to human health and the environment have not been thoroughly examined yet [25].…”

“…The stability of TiO 2 NPs in aqueous solutions is significantly affected by solution pH, surface charge, inorganic salts, and organic matter [13,21,23,24]. Also, the initial NP concentration plays an important role in agglomerate growth, especially for concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 10 mg/L [21].…”

“…The stability of TiO 2 NPs in aqueous solutions is significantly affected by solution pH, surface charge, inorganic salts, and organic matter [13,21,23,24]. Also, the initial NP concentration plays an important role in agglomerate growth, especially for concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 10 mg/L [21]. Furthermore, the retention of TiO 2 NPs in porous media increases with decreasing flow rate, whereas at pH = 7 an electrostatically unfavorable condition has been reported to exist that yields maximum retention [36].…”

Dispersion and sedimentation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in freshwater algae and daphnia aquatic culture media in the presence of arsenate

“…In ultrapure water, nTiO 2 settlement was slowest followed in descending order by BG-11 and SM7. Brunellit et al [20] reported that aggregation and sedimentation of nTiO 2 were primarily affected by initial concentrations. Our results indicated that culture Figure 2.…”

“…Therefore, it becomes difficult to obtain toxicity results under different culture media. This will likely result in inaccurate dose estimations and interpretation, which in turn obstructs sample comparisons [18][19][20]. For these reasons, this study aimed to understand nTiO 2 stability under different culture media in nanomaterial risk assessment studies.…”