Ageratum yellow vein alphasatellite and tomato leaf curl Java betasatellite association with begomoviruses infecting crops and weeds in Indonesia

Abstract

The member species of the genus Begomovirus have circular single-stranded DNA genomes, which may be monopartite (having only a single genome: DNA-A) or bipartite (having two separate genomes in the same virion particle: DNA-A and DNA-B) (Fiallo-Olivé et al. 2021). Many Begomovirus species are associated with three types of satellites, namely, alpha, beta, and delta satellites, which may affect their pathogenicity and disease severity (Zhou 2013;Fiallo-Olivé et al. 2016;Zou et al. 2020). The alpha satellite genome and their corresponding helper viruses have similar replication genes. Therefore, they can replicate autonomously without their helper viruses. However, the beta satellite genome has the βC1 gene, suppressing the transcriptional gene silencing mechanism and jasmonic acid production, leading to increased disease severity. The delta satellites are non-coding satellites with a small genome size of 0.7 kbp (Zhou 2013).The molecular diversity of Begomovirus genus members has been studied in Indonesia because of large yield losses in a wide range of important crops (Subiastuti et al. 2019;Lestari et al. 2022;Sidik et al. 2022). However, the reports on the genetic variation of the satellites are very scarce. A non-coding beta satellite isolate with a defective βC1 gene was identified together with a to-Supported by the he Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, Grant No. 3282/UN1/PN/PN/PT.01.03/2022.

The Role of Satellites in the Evolution of Begomoviruses

“…Recent studies have shown the association of satellite molecules with begomoviruses infecting weeds in diverse regions. Weed Sinapis arvensis is a reservoir of begomoviruses and associated betasatellites in Jordan [ 60 ]; Solanum nigrum is a host of tomato leaf curl Palampur virus and CLCuMB in Pakistan [ 61 ]; Ageratum conyzoides and Amaranthus spinosus are hosts of Ageratum yellow vein China virus and tomato leaf curl Java beta satellite in Indonesia [ 62 ]; and A. conyzoides is a host of Alternanthera yellow vein virus and tomato leaf curl betasatellite in Oman [ 63 ]. Earlier studies have shown the presence of multiple and recombinant betasatellites in weeds Digera arvensis and Sonchus arvensis [ 64 , 65 ].…”

Updates on hosts and distribution of pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus and squash leaf curl China virus in Central Java Province, Indonesia

“…Combination of bio-fertilizer was suggested for further improvement (Khairi et al, 2023) but it is actually very challenging due to other limitations. One of major constraints in the cultivation of chili pepper, tomato, and squash in the country is yellowing disease caused by begomoviruses (Santosa & Somowiyarjo, 2023;Wahyono et al, 2023). Species of Begomovirus have monopartite or bipartite single stranded DNA genomes, and transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and some also by seeds (Brown et al, 2015).…”