Agents of Socialization and Female Migrants’ Employment: The Influence of Mothers and the Country Context

Krieger, Magdalena

doi:10.1093/esr/jcaa029

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Migrants' individual employment strategies are also shaped by their motivations, which reflect their intentions to return as well as cultural factors. For example, the low labour market participation and employment rates of some female migrants may reflect originspecific cultural norms about the appropriateness of women engaging in economic activities outside the household (Koopmans 2016;Krieger 2020). There is also evidence that religious affiliation and individual religiosity can affect women's labour market integration.…”

Section: Previous Studies On the Labour Market Integration Of Migrantmentioning

confidence: 99%

From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany

Sprengholz

Diehl

Giesecke

et al. 2021

JFamRes

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Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labor market performance of different arrival cohorts of female and male migrants to Germany. Background: Whereas there is a large body of research on the labor market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a more descriptive long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses for the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015. Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men have been consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, the average working hours of migrant women declined considerably across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants have increased across arrival cohorts, corresponding to increasing levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of arrival cohorts have tended to decline during their initial years of residence and then to stagnate thereafter, which may be due in part to selective outmigration and the naturalization of migrants with higher skill levels. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labor market performance of immigrants has varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applies to both genders, but especially to women.

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Section: Previous Studies On the Labour Market Integration Of Migrantmentioning

confidence: 99%

From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany

Sprengholz

Diehl

Giesecke

et al. 2021

JFamRes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Associations between origin-country female LFP and postmigration outcomes have also been reported from European countries, including Germany (Krieger, 2020), Italy (Scoppa and Stranges, 2019), and the Netherlands (Kok et al, 2011). There are additionally a number of comprehensive studies, assessing the association between origin-country female LFP and labor market outcomes in more than one country.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 98%

Origin-country gender norms, individual work experience, and employment among immigrant women in Sweden

Tibajev

Nygård²

2023

Front. Hum. Dyn.

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Many Western countries are built on a dual-earner model and have high levels of female labor force participation. Increasing the labor market activity of immigrant women is therefore seen as a key part of immigrant integration. However, female labor force participation (LFP) differs substantially between countries, reflecting differences in work-related gender norms that can continue to influence preferences and behaviors after migration. In this study, we investigate how origin-country gender norms and migrant selection interact to produce post-migration outcomes. Our data shows that immigrant women in Sweden have a higher level of pre-migration work experience than expected based on origin-country female LFP, indicating positive selection. Furthermore, the association between origin-country LFP and post-migration employment varied with work experience. For women without origin-country work experience, origin-country LFP was positively associated with employment in Sweden. For women with origin-country work experience, origin-country LFP however was not associated with higher likelihood of employment in Sweden. Though our focus is on immigrant women, we also include immigrant men in our analysis to test our prediction more thoroughly. For men without origin-country work experience, origin-country LFP was negatively associated with employment in Sweden, while we found no association for men with origin-country work experience. Our results show that migrant selection is a crucial factor in understanding the relationship between origin-country LFP and post-migration labor market outcomes, and that these patterns vary with gender. Policy interventions targeting immigrant women from countries with low female LFP should therefore not assume that women arrive socialized with gender-norms that hinder labor market activity.

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“…Thus, whereas migration disrupts employment trajectories for both women and men, women seem disproportionally affected. When immigrant families come from origins that are more gender-traditional than the reception context, immigrant women's labor market attachment might be further reduced relative to native women and immigrant men—which particularly applies to immigrant women from Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa in Germany (Fleischmann & Höhne, 2013; Krieger, 2020).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersections and Commonalities: Using Matching to Decompose Wage Gaps by Gender and Nativity in Germany

Sprengholz

Hamjediers

2022

Work and Occupations

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We investigate intersecting wage gaps by gender and nativity by comparing the wages between immigrant women, immigrant men, native women, and native men based on Western German survey data. Adding to the analytical diversity of the field, we do a full comparison of group wages to emphasize the relationality of privilege and disadvantage, and we use a nonparametric matching decomposition that is well suited to address unique group-specific experiences. We find that wage (dis)advantages associated with the dimensions of gender and nativity are nonadditive and result in distinct decomposition patterns for each pairwise comparison. After accounting for substantial group differences in work attachment, individual resources, and occupational segregation, unexplained wage gaps are generally small for comparisons between immigrant women, immigrant men, and native women, but large when either group is compared to native men. This finding suggests that the often presumed “double disadvantage” of immigrant women is rather a “double advantage” of native men.

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Agents of Socialization and Female Migrants’ Employment: The Influence of Mothers and the Country Context

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany

From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany

Origin-country gender norms, individual work experience, and employment among immigrant women in Sweden

Intersections and Commonalities: Using Matching to Decompose Wage Gaps by Gender and Nativity in Germany

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