Agent Decision-Making under Uncertainty: Towards a New E-BDI Agent Architecture Based on Immediate and Expected Emotions

Abstract

Abstract-Over the last decade, emotions have received considerable attention among scholars in agent oriented systems. In fact a large amount of computational models of emotions has been developed and a new generation of artificial agents has emerged to give rise to emotional agents, in particular the Emotional BDI (EBDI) agents. However, in spite of the several interesting studies that have been conducted to underline the role of emotions in decision-making, few works in the agent community have shed the light on the influences of both immediate and expected emotions to drive decision-making. In this context, we intend to propose a new conceptual model of EBDI agency that involves the interplay among immediate emotions, expected emotions and rational decisions of artificial agents.Index Terms-Belief desire intention architecture, decision-making, emotional agents, expected emotions, immediate emotions.

Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions

“…It is modeled by directly affecting the way perception is achieved, by directing attention toward belief-relevant information, by prioritizing desires and/or by helping to select intentions. In our review, the proposals of Pereira et al (2005), Jiang et al (2007) and Lejmi-Riahi et al (2014) stand out. They are the most referenced ones that consider the emotional influence on most of the BDI process.…”

“…As it was mentioned above, only two proposals are not based on OCC theory. Lejmi-Riahi et al (2014) emotional BDI is based on the emotional theory of Loewenstein and Lerner (2003) and is oriented to deal with expected and immediate emotions. Expected emotions are predictions about the emotion that will be experienced if the decision is taken, and immediate emotions refer to the emotions felt at the time of the decision-making.…”

“…To do so, they follow the idea of some researchers (Camerer et al, 2003) that point out that decision-making may actually be driven by emotions, since people with emotional impairments have trouble making decisions. The proposal of Lejmi-Riahi et al (2014) takes into account the influence of secondary emotions in almost all the BDI cognitive processes. They follow the theory of Loewenstein and Lerner (2003) that establishes two ways in which emotions can influence at the time of decision-making: as anticipated consequences (expected emotions) and as feelings experienced at the time of decision-making (immediate emotions).…”

Composição de Agentes EBDI: Integração WASABI-Jason

“…Isso não significa, por outro lado, que o melhor desempenho no ciclo de raciocínio seja uma característica intrínseca das emoções. Em determinadas arquiteturas, em que sua concepção é voltada ao estudo da influência de emoções em ambientes de incerteza, por exemplo, essa não é uma característica assegurada, uma vez que emoções primárias -comumente associadas a um comportamento reativo -não são consideradas [5]. Além disso, é preciso considerar que agentes emocionais podem ser concebidos com personalidades distintas, tornando-os mais ou menos suscetíveis a estímulos emocionais, o que pode impactar tanto positivamente como negativamente nos resultados obtidos através de suas operações no ambiente.…”