Ageing and changes in lung mechanics

Pride, N. B.

doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00079805

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pride 30 describes that the physical properties of the lungs and rib cage inevitably change with age, leading to alterations in the quantity and composition of connective lung tissue components such as elastin, collagen and proteoglycans. Furthermore, the chest wall becomes more rigid due to the calcification of the ribs and vertebrae joints, reducing its expansion and, as a result, its strength [30][31][32] . These alterations in the physical properties of the lung reflect changes in volume and capacity, such as vital capacity, residual volume and functional residual capacity which together increase lung volume and consequently cause muscle shortening and diminish inspiratory muscle strength 33 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maximal respiratory pressure in healthy 20 to 89 year-old sedentary individuals of central São Paulo State

Simões¹,

Deus²,

Auad³

et al. 2010

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal respiratory pressure in healthy 20 to 89 year-old sedentary individuals of central São Paulo State

Simões¹,

Deus²,

Auad³

et al. 2010

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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“…Psychophysical studies of external mechanical loading have indicated that sensory thresholds for imposed external load detection are increased in the elderly compared with youth (40,46), but the impact of aging on magnitude estimation of respiratory sensation during a variety of physiological perturbations (including exercise) is uncertain. This information becomes important if we are to improve the evaluation and management of exertional breathlessness in the healthy elderly or in patients with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions, many of whom are elderly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have reported that more than 30% of the elderly (Ͼ65 yr) experience breathlessness during activities of daily living (23,24,30,47). The nature and mechanisms of exertional breathlessness in older healthy humans are poorly understood.While the physiological effects of aging on the respiratory system are well established (14,25,40), the interaction between these changes in respiratory system compliance, muscle function, and ventilation/perfusion (V /Q ) matching and the perceptual responses to physical exertion is largely unknown. Psychophysical studies of external mechanical loading have indicated that sensory thresholds for imposed external load detection are increased in the elderly compared with youth (40, 46), but the impact of aging on magnitude estimation of respiratory sensation during a variety of physiological perturbations (including exercise) is uncertain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the perceived intensity of breathlessness during exercise with advancing age

Ofir

Laveneziana²,

Webb³

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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prevalence of activity-related breathlessness increases with age, particularly in women, but the specific underlying mechanisms have not been studied. This novel cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine the effects of age and sex, and their interaction, on the perceptual and ventilatory responses to incremental treadmill exercise in 73 healthy participants (age range 40 -80 yr old) with normal pulmonary function. Age-related changes at a standardized oxygen uptake (V O2) during exercise included significant increases in breathlessness ratings (Borg scale), ventilation (V E), ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide, and the ratio of tidal volume (VT) to dynamic inspiratory capacity (IC) (all P Ͻ 0.05). These changes were quantitatively similar in women (n ϭ 39) and in men (n ϭ 34). For the group as a whole, exertional breathlessness ratings increased as resting static inspiratory muscle strength diminished (P ϭ 0.05), as exercise ventilation increased relative to capacity (P ϭ 0.013) and as the VT/IC ratio increased (P ϭ 0.003) during exercise. Older women (60 -80 yr old, n ϭ 23) reported greater (P Ͻ 0.05) intensity of exertional breathlessness at a standardized V O2 and V E than age-matched men (n ϭ 16), despite similar age-related changes in ventilatory demand and dynamic ventilatory mechanics. These increases in breathlessness ratings in older women disappeared when sex differences in baseline maximal ventilatory capacity were accounted for. In conclusion, although increased exertional breathlessness with advancing age is multifactorial, contributory factors included higher ventilatory requirements during exercise, progressive inspiratory muscle weakness, and restrictive mechanical constraints on VT expansion related to reduced IC. The sensory consequences of this age-related respiratory impairment were more pronounced in women, who, by nature, have relatively reduced maximal ventilatory reserve. dyspnea; aging; inspiratory capacity CARDIOVASCULAR FACTORS are widely accepted as a proximate limit to maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 ) during weight-bearing exercise in healthy humans (42,48). By contrast, the respiratory system is regarded as relatively "overbuilt" and less likely to contribute to exercise limitation except in elite athletes at very high power outputs (15, 21). However, it is recognized that in sedentary older individuals, intolerable exertional breathlessness may contribute to exercise limitation even before physiological maxima are attained (39). A number of studies have reported that more than 30% of the elderly (Ͼ65 yr) experience breathlessness during activities of daily living (23,24,30,47). The nature and mechanisms of exertional breathlessness in older healthy humans are poorly understood.While the physiological effects of aging on the respiratory system are well established (14,25,40), the interaction between these changes in respiratory system compliance, muscle function, and ventilation/perfusion (V /Q ) matching and the perceptual responses to physical exertion is largely unknow...

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“…These may happen because when the lung volume is lower, there is a tendency of small airways to collapse, and these changes account for the higher lung static compliance 14,28,29 . The authors also highlight a reduction in respiratory muscle strength, in lung elastic recoil and in thoracic compliance 28,30,31 , as well as a reduction in respiratory response to hypoxemia and hypercapnia, lower perception of increased resistance of airway 14 , and physiological changes associated with aging that affect the lung function in the elderly 14,17,28,30,[32][33][34] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between frailty and respiratory function in the community-dwelling elderly

Pegorari¹,

Ruas²,

Patrizzi³

2013

Braz. J. Phys. Ther.

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| Objective: To evaluate the impact of frailty on respiratory function in a community-dwelling elderly. Method: 51 community-dwelling elderly were evaluated (mean age of 73±6 years), being 29 men (56.7%) and 22 women (43.3%). We collect the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics, frailty phenotype, pulmonary function test and assessment of the respiratory muscles using an analog manometer. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov and Smirnov tests, one-way ANOVA, Paired Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Results: There were no statistically significant between-group differences among the frail group (FG=9.8%), pre-frail group (PG=47.1%) and non-frail group (NG=43.1%), in relation to anthropometric, demographic and spirometric data. Regarding to the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), statistically significant between-group differences were observed among the three groups, being these pressures significantly lower in the FG and PG compared to the NG. With regards to the obtained and predicted values, the FG and PG showed statistically significant difference (p=0.004). The PG showed positive correlations between the MIP and MEP with the values of hand grip strength (r=0.7). The NG showed positive correlation between the MEP and the values of physical activity level (r=0.7). Conclusions: The study demonstrated that maximal respiratory pressures may decrease according to the frailty condition among the nonfrail, pre-frail and frail elderly. Furthermore, it also indicated a positive correlation between inspiratory muscle strength, expiratory muscle strength and hand grip strength in pre-frail elderly. Further investigation with regards to prevention or intervention programs that incorporate actions to minimize the loss of respiratory function are necessary in order to reverse or prevent the progression of the frailty condition.

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Ageing and changes in lung mechanics

Cited by 60 publications

References 22 publications

Maximal respiratory pressure in healthy 20 to 89 year-old sedentary individuals of central São Paulo State

Maximal respiratory pressure in healthy 20 to 89 year-old sedentary individuals of central São Paulo State

Sex differences in the perceived intensity of breathlessness during exercise with advancing age

Relationship between frailty and respiratory function in the community-dwelling elderly

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