Aged streams: Time lags of nitrate, chloride and tritium assessed by Dynamic Groundwater Flow Tracking

Abstract

Abstract. Surface waters are under pressure of diffuse pollution from agricultural activities and groundwater is known to be a connection between the agricultural fields and streams. We calculated in-stream concentrations by coupling input curves for tritium, chloride and nitrate with dynamic groundwater travel time distributions (TTDs) derived from a distributed, transient 3D groundwater flow model using forward particle tracking. We tested our approach in a lowland stream and found that the variable contribution of different groundwater flow paths to stream water quality reasonably explained the majority of long-term and seasonal variation in the measured stream nitrate concentrations. A sensitivity analysis was done to study the breakthrough of agricultural nitrate and it was found that an unsaturated zone, increased mean travel time and a longer distance between agricultural fields and stream cause a lag in the breakthrough of agricultural solutes. Similarly, the recovery of concentrations after measures that aim to reduce the solute inputs is determined by these parameters, with combinations of slow reduction rates and long MTT tending to result in considerable lag times after start of the reductions. We labelled the part of the catchment area where the seepage water infiltrated that contributes to stream discharge at a certain moment in time the groundwater contributing area. This groundwater contributing area was shown to increase and shrink based on wetness conditions within the catchment. Especially the location of agricultural fields in the groundwater contributing area in relation to the catchments’ drainage network was found to be an important factor that largely governs the travel times of the agricultural pollutants. We conclude that groundwater functions as a buffer on the effect of agricultural pollution, by distributing water in time and space and making it possible for different waters to mix.

Time lags of nitrate, chloride, and tritium in streams assessed by dynamic groundwater flow tracking in a lowland landscape

“…Code and data availability. Water quality model code and underlying and presented data can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5039434 (Kaandorp, 2021).…”

Aged streams: Time lags of nitrate, chloride and tritium assessed by Dynamic Groundwater Flow Tracking

“…Next, we explored the effect of different travel times by applying a multiplication factor of 5 on all the calculated travel times of all flow paths. Increasing the ages of groundwater implies an increase in mean travel time (MTT), which could result from a different aquifer thickness, porosity, groundwater recharge or a change in drainage density (Broers, 2004;Duffy and Lee, 1992;Raats, 1978;van Ommen, 1986).…”

“…the parts of the catchment where seepage and overland flow occur (e.g. Ambroise, 2004;Beven and Wood, 1983;Beven and Kirkby, 1979;Mcglynn and Seibert, 2003;Yang et al, 2018). To avoid further confusion, we introduce the terms 'groundwater contributing area' and 'runoff contributing area'.…”