Age Structure and Reproductive History of Some Overwintering Face Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations in North America

Krafsur, E. S.; Moon, Roger D.; Church, Cole J.

doi:10.1093/aesa/78.4.480

Cited by 16 publications

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“…In the fall, the daily incidence rate declined. The numbers of infected calves by age ( (Krafsur et al, 1985). The female deposits her eggs exclusively in manure pats.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves1

Snowder

Vleck

Cundiff

et al. 2005

Journal of Animal Science

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Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is one of the most economically important diseases in preweaned calves. This study examined the health records of 45,497 calves over a 20-yr period to determine environmental and genetic factors influencing the incidence of IBK. Three data sets were analyzed with an animal model. The first data set (n = 41,986) evaluated environmental factors and genetic differences among nine purebred (Angus, Braunvieh, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Pinzgauer, Red Poll, and Simmental) and three composite breeds (MARC I, MARC II, and MARC III). Weaning weights of calves diagnosed with IBK were 8.9 kg lighter (P < 0.05) than weights of healthy calves. Incidence of IBK was related to age of the calf and the seasonal life cycle of the face fly (Musca autumnalis). Incidence of IBK increased in the spring (June), peaked during the summer months (July to September), and then decreased in the fall. Herefords were the most susceptible breed (P < 0.05) compared with all other purebreds and composites. Estimates of direct heritability for the incidence of IBK were generally low and ranged from 0.00 to 0.28 by breed. The maternal permanent environmental and

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“…In the fall, the daily incidence rate declined. The numbers of infected calves by age ( (Krafsur et al, 1985). The female deposits her eggs exclusively in manure pats.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves1

Snowder

Vleck

Cundiff

et al. 2005

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Head widths of males and females were measured with an ocular micrometer to provide an index of body size, and follicle lengths in females were measured to provide an estimate of ovarian development. The presence or absence of follicular relics was used to determine parity by using methods already described (Miller & Treece, 1968;Krafsur et al, 1985Krafsur et al, , 1995. Briefly, five gonotrophic stages were recognized: in stage 0 ovaries the primary and secondary follicles cannot easily be distinguished by size at 25ϫ, stage 1 follicles can be distinguished from secondary at 25ϫ, stage 2 show the earliest visible yolk deposits, in stage 3 the yolk occupies up to 3/4 of the follicle length, in stage 4 the yolk occupies more than 3/4 of the follicle length, and stage 5 follicles are chorionated eggs with respiratory masts formed.…”

Section: Age Grading and Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How much temperature accumulation is necessary for flies to leave their hibernaculae? The traditional method of age grading by using changes in the female reproductive system is unhelpful because females destined to diapause do not undergo ovarian development until they have left their hibernaculae and obtained exogenous protein in the next spring (Krafsur et al, 1985). Application of the pteridine method of age determination (Mail et al, 1983) allows estimation of the ages of overwintered face flies of both sexes, helping to answer these questions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age structure of overwintered face fly populations estimated by pteridine concentrations and ovarian dynamics

Krafsur

Rosales

Kim³

1999

Medical Vet Entomology

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Pteridines in the head capsules of face flies, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, were measured spectrofluorometrically to provide estimates of age. The flies also were dissected to determine ovarian development and fat body hypertrophy. Physiological ages in terms of degree-day accumulations were estimated among late autumn, winter, and early spring face flies. The reproductive history of eight overwintered face fly populations near Ames, Iowa, U.S.A., suggested that each had behaved as a single cohort, maturing their eggs and ovipositing according to a simple heat unit model. 83.8 +/- 16.4 degree-days above a 12 degrees threshold (DD > 12 degrees) were estimated to elapse between 1 January and the date at which 50% of overwintered cohorts had oviposited. Pteridine deposits indicated that diapausing females in late autumn had acquired a mean 96 +/- 36 DD > 9.8 degrees and the males 135 +/- 39 DD > 9.8 degrees. Soon after emergence from hibernaculae, females were average physiological ages of 135 +/- 25 DD > 9.8 degrees and the males were 152 +/- 28 DD > 9.8 degrees. Mean physiological age of overwintered females was 155 +/- 37 DD > 9.8 degrees compared with 110 +/- 38 DD > 9.8 degrees among parous flies in summer. Overwintered males in spring were an average 175 +/- 41 DD > 9.8 degrees compared with 144 +/- 65 DD > 9.8 degrees among summer flies.

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“…In early fall, diapausing flies disappear into overwintering hibernacula and presumably do not have access to water or food until the next April (Krafsur et al, 1985). Therefore, the hydrocarbon profile and content must be adequate to provide continued protection for diapausing flies over a 6 month interval.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocarbon profiles of diapausing and reproductive adult face flies (Musca autumnalis)

Jurenka

Holland

Krafsur

1998

Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol.

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Hydrocarbons present on the cuticle surface of adult face flies, Musca autumnalis, were identified by GC‐MS and quantified by GC. Hydrocarbons consisted of n‐, monomethyl, and dimethyl alkanes ranging in chain length from 23–29 carbons. Also present were monounsaturated alkenes with chain lengths of 23, 25, 27, and 29 carbons. Wild‐caught flies were extracted and hydrocarbon profiles determined for both diapausing and reproductive adult males and females. Few qualitative differences were found between males and females in the hydrocarbon profile. Differences in percent composition were found between diapausing and reproductive flies in monounsaturated alkenes, 4 and 45%, n‐alkanes, 24 and 37%, monomethylalkanes, 57 and 15%, and dimethylalkanes, 15 and 2%, respectively, for females. A small difference was found in the total amount of hydrocarbon present, 7.3 ± 0.6 and 9.7 ± 1.1 μg/fly, between diapausing and reproductive female flies, respectively. Adult males also exhibited a similar change in hydrocarbon profile and amount between diapausing and reproductive flies. A laboratory strain of face flies originating in Minnesota was also analyzed, and again similar differences were observed in both male and female flies that were kept under a reproductive or diapause condition. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 37:206–214, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Age Structure and Reproductive History of Some Overwintering Face Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations in North America

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves1

Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves1

Age structure of overwintered face fly populations estimated by pteridine concentrations and ovarian dynamics

Hydrocarbon profiles of diapausing and reproductive adult face flies (Musca autumnalis)

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