Age-specific transmission for different virus serotypes of hand, foot and mouth disease and the impact of interventions in East China, 2009–2015

Age-time-specific transmission of hand-foot-and-mouth disease enterovirus serotypes in Vietnam: A catalytic model with maternal immunity

“…New-born infants were protected by maternal antibodies which were decreased to undetectable level by 1 year old ( Nguyen Tran et al, 2011 , Zhou et al, 2022 , Fu et al, 2016 , Yang et al, 2022 ). Children of age 1 to 2 years are estimated to be the most vulnerable to HFMD infections, given the highest risk of infection and the lowest cumulative immune protection, which was also observed in the case data of East and South China ( Le et al, 2022 , Di et al, 2014 ). The HFMD infection among children aged 1–2 years in Vietnam may be attributed to the household contacts and the contacts with peers of similar ages and childcare adults during attendance at day-care centres.…”

“…The co-epidemic pattern of CV-A6 and CV-A10 also has been observed in Finland and China ( Blomqvist et al, 2010 , Xiao et al, 2019 ), with CV-A6 demonstrating high-level transmission documented in several countries including Italy, China, Singapore in the past few years ( Broccolo et al, 2019 , Di et al, 2014 , Ang et al, 2015 ), while CV-A10 has been detected as one of the major transmitted serotypes in Wuhan, China ( Yang et al, 2015 ). Furthermore, the cyclical pattern of HFMD viruses in Vietnam, which was observed in both the annual FOI and the hospitalised cases, was also observed in China ( Wang et al, 2018 , Le et al, 2022 , Zhao et al, 2020 ), Malaysia ( NikNadia et al, 2016 ) and Japan ( Kanbayashi et al, 2017 , Takahashi et al, 2018 ) with periodic period as 2–3 years.…”

“…As a fundamental model framework utilised to infer virus transmission patterns from case data and serological survey data, catalytic model has been widely applied to surveillance data recording age-stratified cases of infectious diseases such as HFMD, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis, demonstrating high efficacy ( Zhao et al, 2016 , Le et al, 2022 , Rodriguez-Barraquer et al, 2019 , Quan et al, 2020 ). Meanwhile, the catalytic model is popular in estimating time-varying or age-varying infection risk from serological survey data for example for dengue and chikungunya ( Nealon et al, 2022 , Lam et al, 2019 , Kumar et al, 2021 ).…”

Assessing the impact of COVID-19 interventions on the hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangdong Province, China: a Bayesian modeling study

“…Large-scale school closures occurred in Level 1 and 2 periods, while school closures only applied in epidemic areas during specific periods in 2021. This indicates that school closure may be an important NPI to control HFMD ( 33 ). Kindergartens are the common sites for HFMD outbreaks for they are the most socially dense environments ( 34–37 ), making it easy for HFMD to spread among children.…”

“…Our study suggested that NPIs such as home isolation can significantly reduce the cases of children under 2 years old. Previous studies have shown that children under 2 years old were more likely to be infected with HFMD, so strengthening the protection of children under 2 years old may be the key issue for the HFMD control ( 33 ). Furthermore, we found that the observed cases in children aged 3–5 and 6–14 years old were higher than expected in 2021.…”