Age‐Specific Prevalence of Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Types 2 and 1: A Global Review

Smith, Jennifer S.; Robinson, Noah Jamie

doi:10.1086/343739

Cited by 742 publications

(698 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…The present data is consistent with other studies that showed evidence of infection with HHVs in the majority of the world's populations [27][28][29][30] .…”

Section: Ethicalsupporting

confidence: 93%

PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

Carvalho

Silvestre

Maciel

et al. 2010

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Human herpesviruses are frequently associated with orofacial diseases in humans (HSV-1, EBV, CMV and HHV-8), some can also cause systemic disease . The transmission of these viruses occurs by contact with infected secretions, especially saliva. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with an increased risk of HHVs and related diseases. Methods: This work aimed to detect HSV-1, EBV, CMV and HHV-8 DNA in saliva of HIV-infected patients from Teresina, northeast Brazil, by PCR and compare these findings with age and sex matched HIV-seronegative individuals. Results: No difference in prevalence was verified between HHV detection in the saliva of HIV-seropositive individuals and controls. The individual frequencies of these viruses in these two populations were different. HIV seropositivity correlated positively with the presence of CMV (OR: 18.2, p= 0.00032) and EBV (OR: 3.44, p= 0.0081). No association between CD4 counts and the prevalence of HHVs in the saliva was observed; however, a strong association was determined between seropositivity and the presence of multiple HHV DNAs in saliva (OR: 4.83, p = 0.0028). Conclusions: These findings suggest the asymptomatic salivary shedding of HHVs is a common event between HIV-seropositive and seronegative individuals from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, and, especially for HIV-seropositive patients, saliva is a risk factor for the acquisition/transmission of multiple HHVs. Key-words:Human herpesvirus. Saliva. PCR. HIV seropositive. RESUMOIntrodução: Alguns herpesvírus humanos são frequentemente associados a doenças orofaciais em humanos. A transmissão destes vírus ocorre através do contato com secreções contaminadas, especialmente a saliva. A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana é considerada um fator de risco para a aquisição de HHVs e doenças correlatas. Métodos: Este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar por PCR o DNA de HSV-1, EBV, CMV e HHV-8 na saliva de pacientes infectados com HIV em Teresina, nordeste do Brasil, e comparar os dados obtidos com o grupo controle (indivíduos HIV negativos). Resultados: Não há diferença na prevalência de detecção de HHVs na saliva de indivíduos HIV soropositivos e soronegativos. No entanto, as frequências individuais de detecção dos diferentes HHVs são diferentes entre estas duas populações. A soropositividade para HIV apresentou correlação positiva com a presença de CMV (OR: 18,2, p = 0,00032) e EBV (OR: 3,44, p = 0,0081). Não foi verificada nenhuma associação entre a contagem de CD4 e prevalência de HHVs na saliva, no entanto existe uma forte associação entre a soropositividade e a detecção do DNA de vários HHVs na saliva (OR: 4,83, p = 0,0028). Conclusões: Estes resultados sugerem que a transmissão salivar de HHVs é um evento comum entre os indivíduos HIV soropositivos e soronegativos de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, e, especialmente para os pacientes soropositivos, a saliva é um fator de risco para a aquisição/transmissão de múltiplos HHVs.Palavras-chaves: Herpesvirus humanos. Saliva. PCR. HIV sorop...

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“…The present data is consistent with other studies that showed evidence of infection with HHVs in the majority of the world's populations [27][28][29][30] .…”

Section: Ethicalsupporting

confidence: 93%

PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

Carvalho

Silvestre

Maciel

et al. 2010

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…HSV-1 infection is common, with seropositivity among older adults estimated to be 60-90 % worldwide [39]. A survey from 2005 to 2010 including Americans between 14 and 49 years of age in the USA estimated HSV-1 seropositivity at 54 % and HSV-2 seropositivity at~16 % [40].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

2016

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Herpetic infections have plagued humanity for thousands of years, but only recently have advances in antiviral medications and supportive treatments equipped physicians to combat the most severe manifestations of disease. Prompt recognition and treatment can be lifesaving in the care of patients with herpes simplex-1 virus encephalitis, the most commonly identified cause of sporadic encephalitis worldwide. Clinicians should be able to recognize the clinical signs and symptoms of the infection and familiarize themselves with a rational diagnostic approach and therapeutic modalities, as early recognition and treatment are key to improving outcomes. Clinicians should also be vigilant for the development of acute complications, including cerebral edema and status epilepticus, as well as chronic complications, including the development of autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and other neuronal cell surface and synaptic epitopes. Herein, we review the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical and radiological features of herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in adults, including a discussion of the most common complications and their treatment. While great progress has been made in the treatment of this life-threatening infection, a majority of patients will not return to their previous neurologic baseline, indicating the need for further research efforts aimed at improving the long-term sequelae.

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“…Thus seropositivity for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and Helicobacter pylori is greater in individuals of low SES defined by education, poverty or occupational status, and with household crowding [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. These pathogens are typically acquired in childhood [26], when they may or may not be symptomatic [27][28][29]. Reactivation of specific pathogens such as CMV and HSV-1 may be relevant to disease risk and cognitive decline in older age [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen burden and cortisol profiles over the day

et al. 2009

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SUMMARYHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) regulation in adults is influenced by early psychosocial adversity, but the role of infectious disease history is poorly understood. We studied the association between cumulative pathogen burden and cortisol profile over the day in a sample of 317 healthy men and women aged 51-72 years. Cumulative pathogen burden was defined as positive serostatus for Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Salivary cortisol was sampled repeatedly over the day. The cortisol slope was defined as the decrease across the day and evening. Age, gender, grade of employment, body mass index, smoking status, self-rated health, cardiovascular medication, depressed mood and time of waking were included as covariates. The pathogen burden averaged 1 . 76 (S.D.=0 . 92). The cortisol slope was inversely associated with pathogen burden after controlling for covariates. When individual pathogens were studied, only CMV was associated with flatter cortisol rhythms in isolation. We conclude that pathogen burden is independently associated with flatter cortisol slopes over the day, and may contribute to disturbed neuroendocrine regulation.

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Age‐Specific Prevalence of Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Types 2 and 1: A Global Review

Cited by 742 publications

References 124 publications

PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Pathogen burden and cortisol profiles over the day

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