Age-Related Light Scattering in Rat Lenses Observed in a 2-Year Inhalation Toxicity Study

Abstract

Normal light scattering in the eye is determined primarily by the size of α-crystalline molecules. Ageing effects appear as an increase in normal lens light scattering in distinct layers. Subliminal effects of toxins on lens transparency can also cause an increase in light scattering due to protein molecule aggregation before visible opacities appear. Scheimpflug photography of the anterior eye segment with subsequent densitometric image analysis is the method of choice to evaluate such effects. To gain more insight into normal ageing and the potential effects of complex aerosols, a subset of Wistar rats (both sexes) belonging to a larger chronic inhalation toxicity study was documented at baseline and after 2 years with a Topcon SL-45 Scheimpflug camera on Kodak T_max 400 ISO film. The recording procedure, film development, and microdensitometric image analysis were all performed according to standard protocol. A second group from the same study was documented at the start and after 5 months of a 6-month posttreatment period immediately following the inhalation period. Rats were nose-only exposed for 6 h/day, 7 days/week, for 2 years to low (3 µg/l) or high (10 µg/l) concentrations of room-aged cigarette sidestream smoke or diesel engine exhaust. Control animals were exposed to filtered fresh air. At the baseline examination, there were no relevant differences between groups with respect to corneal density or density of defined layers in the lens capsule (1), epithelium and superficial cortex (2), deep cortex (3), supranuclear layer (4) and nucleus (5). At the 2-year examination, mean corneal density was significantly lower in females than in males. This same trend, although not significant, was also found in most layers of the lens. The most prominent differences in density over time were measured in lens layers 3 and 4, but neither corneal density nor lenticular density showed any consistent treatment-related effects in any of the layers. The data from the posttreatment period confirmed the results of the 2-year study. The depth of the anterior chamber increased constantly over the 2.5-year period, but again, treatment did not affect this. This study provided completely new data on age-related light scattering in the cornea and in defined layers of the lens in long-term toxicity studies in Wistar rats.

Photography of the anterior eye segment according to Scheimpflug's principle: options and limitations – a review

“…Rats, rabbits, dogs, cats and monkeys all have ocular dimensions, which allow recording of optical sections of their eyes in a reproducible way 60 . The range of study types includes chronic applications over longer periods 61 as well as dose range studies investigating a no‐effect level with respect to lens changes. Rats have been found to be very suitable animal models in this respect, but also the rabbit can be easily documented.…”

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and eye disease

“…It appears that higher ambient temperatures are associated with an increased prevalence of cataract 45. However, long-term experimental studies in rats addressing the effect of ETS exposure to the lens46 47 (exposure to SS cigarette smoke for 6 h per day, 7 days a week, for 2 years) failed to find any association between the development of cataract and exposure.…”

Diesel Exhaust Particles Selectively Induce Both Proinflammatory Cytokines and Mucin Production in Cornea and Conjunctiva Human Cell Lines

“…[7][8][9][10] However, few studies have shown the effects of DEP on the ocular mucosa. [11][12][13] Inhabitants of cities are exposed to high levels of air pollutants, including DEP, and often present irritation, burning, foreign body sensation, hyperemia, and itching in the eye. 14 They also show a reduced time of rupture of the tear film and slight damage to the surface layer of the cornea.…”